| 1 Pain short term ‐ all studies |
11 |
1352 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.29 [‐0.57, ‐0.01] |
| 2 Pain short term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
11 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 2.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
6 |
860 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.41 [‐0.85, 0.03] |
| 2.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
10 |
1313 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.29 [‐0.59, ‐0.00] |
| 2.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
2 |
453 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.06 [‐2.86, 0.74] |
| 2.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
9 |
899 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.13 [‐0.26, 0.00] |
| 2.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
4 |
856 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.11 [‐0.24, 0.02] |
| 2.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
5 |
219 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.51 [‐1.44, 0.41] |
| 3 Pain medium term ‐ all studies |
9 |
531 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.28 [‐0.54, ‐0.02] |
| 4 Pain medium term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
9 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 4.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
2 |
223 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.24, 0.29] |
| 4.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
5 |
308 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.25 [‐0.69, 0.19] |
| 4.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
0 |
0 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
9 |
531 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.28 [‐0.54, ‐0.02] |
| 4.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
3 |
273 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.32 [‐0.68, 0.04] |
| 4.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
5 |
154 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.39 [‐0.88, 0.10] |
| 5 Pain long term ‐ all studies |
9 |
872 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.51 [‐1.04, 0.01] |
| 6 Pain long term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
9 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 6.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
5 |
655 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.66 [‐1.50, 0.17] |
| 6.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
6 |
675 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.65 [‐1.41, 0.10] |
| 6.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
1 |
90 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐3.41 [‐4.07, ‐2.76] |
| 6.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
8 |
782 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.15 [‐0.37, 0.06] |
| 6.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
5 |
628 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.23 [‐0.45, ‐0.01] |
| 6.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
3 |
140 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.25 [‐3.64, 1.13] |
| 7 Disability short term ‐ all studies |
13 |
1878 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.39 [‐0.68, ‐0.10] |
| 8 Disability short term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
13 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 8.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
5 |
691 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.56 [‐1.27, 0.15] |
| 8.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
10 |
1244 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.43 [‐0.84, ‐0.02] |
| 8.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
2 |
453 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.25 [‐4.18, 1.69] |
| 8.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
11 |
1425 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.23 [‐0.36, ‐0.11] |
| 8.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
7 |
1552 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.16 [‐0.38, 0.06] |
| 8.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
5 |
219 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.87 [‐1.93, 0.19] |
| 9 Disability medium term ‐ all studies |
9 |
511 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.21 [‐0.48, 0.06] |
| 10 Disability medium term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
9 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 10.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
2 |
219 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.11 [‐0.15, 0.38] |
| 10.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
6 |
359 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.35 [‐0.75, 0.05] |
| 10.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
0 |
0 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
9 |
560 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.14 [‐0.39, 0.11] |
| 10.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
3 |
302 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.07 [‐0.16, 0.29] |
| 10.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
5 |
154 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.46 [‐0.95, 0.03] |
| 11 Disability long term ‐ all studies |
10 |
1169 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.68 [‐1.19, ‐0.16] |
| 12 Disability long term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
10 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 12.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
5 |
656 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.97 [‐1.98, 0.05] |
| 12.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
8 |
852 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.54, ‐0.16] |
| 12.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scale) |
1 |
90 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐5.32 [‐6.21, ‐4.42] |
| 12.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scale) |
9 |
1079 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.18 [‐0.38, 0.03] |
| 12.5 High intervention intensity 1 (>100 hours, daily contact) |
5 |
823 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.18 [‐0.42, 0.07] |
| 12.6 Low intervention intensity 1 (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
3 |
140 |
Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐2.24 [‐5.48, 1.00] |
| 13 Work short term ‐ all studies |
3 |
379 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.60 [0.92, 2.78] |
| 14 Work short term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
3 |
|
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 14.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of bias items |
2 |
304 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.76 [0.82, 3.76] |
| 14.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
2 |
304 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.76 [0.82, 3.76] |
| 14.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 14.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
3 |
379 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.60 [0.92, 2.78] |
| 14.5 High intervention volume (>100 hours, daily contact) |
2 |
207 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.55, 2.20] |
| 14.6 Low intervention volume (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 15 Work medium term ‐ all studies |
3 |
221 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.14 [1.12, 4.10] |
| 16 Work medium term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
3 |
|
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 16.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 16.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
1 |
67 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.21 [0.39, 3.76] |
| 16.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 16.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
3 |
221 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.14 [1.12, 4.10] |
| 16.5 High intervention volume (>100 hours, daily contact) |
3 |
221 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.14 [1.12, 4.10] |
| 16.6 Low intervention volume (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 17 Work long term ‐ all studies |
8 |
1006 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.87 [1.39, 2.53] |
| 18 Work long term ‐ sensitivity and subgroup analyses |
8 |
|
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 18.1 High quality 1 ‐ 6 or more Risk of Bias items |
3 |
385 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.83 [1.16, 2.87] |
| 18.2 High quality 2 ‐ Concealed allocation |
5 |
551 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.83 [1.26, 2.67] |
| 18.3 High baseline symptom intensity (>60% on pain & disability scales) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 18.4 Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% on pain & disability scales) |
8 |
1006 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.87 [1.39, 2.53] |
| 18.5 High intervention volume (>100 hours, daily contact) |
6 |
741 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.71 [1.13, 2.60] |
| 18.6 Low intervention volume (<30 hours, non‐daily contact) |
0 |
0 |
Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
