Lukinmaa 1989.

Methods	RCT conducted in Finland
Participants	Patients with LBP referred to a regional hospital. 203 patients randomised, 52.7% female, average age 43.6 years, mean duration of pain 15.3 months
Interventions	MBR (Biopsychosocial): 5 days inpatient, treatment according to the biopsychosocial model Usual (Biomedical): orthopaedic outpatient treatment according to the biomedical model
Outcomes	Pain (VAS), Disability (RMDQ), General Health (global perceived effect), Work (% retired) Follow‐ups: LT (12 months)
Notes	Subgroup analyses: Mid intensity intervention, Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% of maximum scale score). Included in Guzman 2006
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear
Blinding of participants	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of clinicians	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not possible; patient reported outcome
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	pg.137. 78% follow‐up
Intention to treat analysis	Unclear risk	Not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol
Comparability of groups at baseline	Low risk	pg.136 Table. Groups comparable on relevant demographic and clinical variables
Compliance	Unclear risk	Not stated
Cointerventions	Unclear risk	Not stated
Timing of assessment	Low risk	pg.136 Methods of collecting data. One year follow‐up