Morone 2011.

Methods	RCT conducted in Italy
Participants	Patients referred to a rehabilitation centre with age 18‐80 years and NSLBP >3 months. 73 patients randomised, 64.3% female, average age 60.2 years, mean duration of pain not reported
Interventions	MBR (Back School): 4 weeks, 10 sessions in groups (4‐5), each session 1 hour. Education (anatomy, pain, stress management, workplace, sporting activities, posture), exercise prescription (ergonomics, ADLs, HEP), stretching, strengthening, core stability Usual (Control): medical care, mostly pharmacological
Outcomes	Pain (VAS), Disability (ODI), General Health (SF‐36) Follow‐ups: ST (post‐treatment and 3 months), MT (6 months)
Notes	Subgroup analyses: Low intensity intervention, Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% of maximum scale score)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	pg.535 last sentence. "The othet physiatrist was involved in patients' randomization and was unaware of clinical features"
Blinding of participants	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of clinicians	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not possible; patient reported outcome
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	pg.538 Results. 70/74 ranodmized patients followed up
Intention to treat analysis	High risk	pg.537 last sentence. "A per‐protocol analysis was performed on primary and secondary outcome measures"
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol
Comparability of groups at baseline	Low risk	Tables 1/3/4. Groups comparable on relevant demographic and clinical variables
Compliance	Unclear risk	Not stated
Cointerventions	Unclear risk	Not stated
Timing of assessment	Low risk	pg.536 Outcome measures. Baseline, end of treatment, 3, 6 months