Tavafian 2008.

Methods	RCT conducted in Iran
Participants	Adult women recruited from outpatient rheumatology clinics with age >18 years, LBP >3 months. 102 patients randomised, 100% female, average age 42.9 years, mean duration of pain 9.1 months
Interventions	MBR (Education): 4 days, 5 sessions, based on Back school. Education: anatomy, physiology, pathology of LBP, self‐care, health behaviours, biomechanics, lifestyle factors, prevention. Psychologist: coping skills, anger management, relaxation. Physiotherapist: stretching, strengthening, posture, functional movement advice (HEP) Usual (Control): medical management, mostly medication prescription (analgesics, muscle relaxants, NSAIDs, anti‐depressants)
Outcomes	Pain (SF‐36 bodily pain), General Health (SF‐36) Follow‐ups: ST (3 months), MT (6 months), LT (12 months)
Notes	Subgroup analyses: Mid‐intensity intervention, Low baseline symptom intensity (<60% of maximum scale score)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	pg.1618 1st column. "The treatment allocation was not concealed"
Blinding of participants	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of clinicians	High risk	Not possible
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not possible; patient reported outcome
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	pg.1618 Fig 1. 74/102 randomized patients followed up
Intention to treat analysis	Unclear risk	Unclear
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol
Comparability of groups at baseline	Low risk	Table 1. Groups comparable on relevant demographic and clinical variables
Compliance	Unclear risk	No stated
Cointerventions	Low risk	pg.1618 1st column. "cointerventions were avoided for both group"
Timing of assessment	Low risk	pg 1617 Study Design. "This was a blind randomized controlled trial with a 3, 6, and 12 months follow up"