TABLE 1.
Baseline patients characteristics.
| Characteristics | All Patients | CHIP‐O | CHIP‐T | CCUS‐O | CCUS‐T | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)/Median | N (%)/Median | N (%)/Median | N (%)/Median | N (%)/Median | ||
| [Range] | [Range] | [Range] | [Range] | [Range] | ||
| n = 78 | n = 26 | n = 6 | n = 33 | n = 13 | ||
| Age, years | 72 [41–95] | 72 [43–89] | 66 [41–75] | 72 [46–86] | 72 [55–95] | 0.36 |
| Age ≥ 70 | 43 (55) | 15 (58) | 2 (33) | 19 (58) | 7 (54) | 0.73 |
| Male | 46 (59) | 14 (54) | 3 (50) | 20 (61) | 9 (69) | 0.78 |
| ACE‐27 score | ||||||
| 0 | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0.23 |
| 1 (mild) | 16 (21) | 7 (27) | 0 | 8 (24) | 0 | |
| 2 (moderate) | 23 (29) | 8 (31) | 2 (33) | 11 (33) | 2 (15) | |
| 3 (severe) | 37 (47) | 10 (38) | 4 (67) | 13 (39) | 11 (85) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Oncologic | 59 (76) | 17 (65) | 6 (100) | 23 (70) | 13 (100) | 0.04 |
| Cardiovascular | 57 (73) | 20 (77) | 3 (50) | 23 (70) | 11 (85) | 0.41 |
| Psychiatric | 19 (24) | 7 (27) | 2 (33) | 4 (12) | 6 (46) | 0.09 |
| Respiratory | 19 (24) | 7 (27) | 2 (33) | 9 (27) | 1 (8) | 0.48 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (21) | 4 (15) | 0 | 9 (27) | 3 (23) | |
| Neurologic | 8 (10) | 1 (4) | 0 | 5 (15) | 2 (15) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 3 (4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 1 (8) | |
| Renal | 3 (4) | 1 (4) | 0 | 2 (6) | 0 | |
| Obesity | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | 2 (6) | 0 | |
| Rheumatologic | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | |
| Immunologic | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | |
| Substance abuse | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (8) | |
| Number of prior cancers | ||||||
| 0 | 19 (24) | 9 (35) | 0 | 10 (30) | 0 | 0.32 |
| 1 | 43 (55) | 11 (42) | 5 (83) | 19 (58) | 8 (62) | |
| 2 | 12 (15) | 4 (15) | 1 (17) | 4 (12) | 3 (23) | |
| 3 | 2 (3) | 2 (8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 4 | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (15) | |
| Prior treatment history | ||||||
| Chemotherapy a | 33 (43) | 8 (31) | 4 (67) | 11 (33) | 10 (77) | 0.02 |
| Alkylating agents | 27 (35) | 7 (27) | 2 (33) | 10 (30) | 8 (61) | |
| Topoisomerase inhibitors | 15 (19) | 3 (11) | 1 (17) | 10 (30) | 1 (8) | |
| Other | 6 (8) | 1 (4) | 2 (33) | 1 (3) | 2 (15) | |
| Radiation therapy | 28 (36) | 7 (27) | 4 (67) | 8 (24) | 9 (69) | 0.009 |
| Prior Autologous SCT | 9 (12) | 2 (8) | 0 | 3 (9) | 4 (31) | 0.11 |
| CAR‐T cell therapy | 5 (6) | 0 | 0 | 5 (15) | 0 | |
| None | 34 (44) | 16 (62) | 0 | 16 (48) | 2 (15) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| WBC (K/μL) | 4.9 [0.7–32.6] | 5.5 [2.8–15.4] | 5.7 [4.9–12.1] | 3.2 [1.3–32.6] | 3.9 [0.7–10.4] | 0.0013 |
| ANC (K/μL) | 2.8 [0.2–18.6] | 3.3 [1.8–11.3] | 3.9 [2.3–9.9] | 1.6 [0.7–18.6] | 1.9 [0.2–5.2] | 0.003 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 11.3 [6.9–15.7] | 13.4 [11.1–15.7] | 12.7 [11.7–15.3] | 10.1 [6.9–13.8] | 9.6 [7.1–12.4] | <0.0001 |
| MCV (fL) | 95 [74–124] | 93 [77–106] | 91 [84–104] | 97 [75–124] | 96 [74–111] | 0.35 |
| Platelets (K/μL) | 170.5 [9–521] | 193.5 [91–521] | 254 [116–291] | 128 [9–425] | 160 [22–318] | 0.02 |
| LDH (U/L) | 222 [114–882] | 216 [114–645] | 234 [152–483] | 233 [125–882] | 190.5 [117–430] | 0.59 |
| BM blasts (%) | 1 [0–4] | 1 [0–4] | 1.5 [0–3] | 1 [0–4] | 1 [0–2] | 0.60 |
| Cytogenetics b | ||||||
| Diploid | 55 (77) | 20 (83) | 5 (100) | 23 (74) | 7 (64) | 0.22 |
| Trisomy 8 | 1 (1) | 1 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ‐Y | 5 (7) | 0 | 0 | 4 (13) | 1 (9) | |
| Complex karyotype | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (9) | |
| Deletion 20q | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (9) | |
| Other abnormalities | 7 (10) | 2 (8) | 0 | 4 (13) | 1 (9) | |
| Mutations c | ||||||
| DNMT3A | 29 (40) | 8 (32) | 2 (50) | 14 (44) | 5 (45) | 0.76 |
| TP53 | 20 (26) | 5 (19) | 1 (17) | 9 (27) | 5 (38) | 0.58 |
| TET2 | 22 (31) | 7 (28) | 0 | 10 (31) | 5 (45) | 0.58 |
| ASXL1 | 13 (18) | 5 (20) | 1 (25) | 7 (22) | 0 | 0.97 |
| IDH2 | 6 (8) | 2 (8) | 1 (17) | 3 (9) | 0 | 0.80 |
| VAF | 0.08 [0.01–0.73] | 0.06 [0.01–0.49] | 0.15 [0.02–0.34] | 0.09 [0.01–0.50] | 0.09 [0.01–0.73] | 0.69 |
| Presence of DTA mutation | 51 (71) | 16 (64) | 3 (75) | 23 (72) | 9 (82) | 0.74 |
| Mutational pathways c | ||||||
| Epigenetic modifier (EM) | 59 (79) | 18 (72) | 4 (80) | 27 (82) | 10 (83) | 0.80 |
| Splicing factor (SF) | 11 (17) | 3 (13) | 1 (25) | 5 (18) | 2 (18) | 0.93 |
| Transcription factor (TF) | 3 (5) | 2 (9) | 1 (25) | 0 | 0 | 0.08 |
| Tumor suppressor (TS) | 20 (28) | 5 (21) | 1 (25) | 9 (30) | 5 (38) | 0.71 |
| Signaling and kinase (SKP) | 10 (14) | 4 (16) | 4 (67) | 1 (3) | 1 (9) | <0.001 |
| CHRS risk category d | ||||||
| High | 21 (27) | 4 (15) | 1 (17) | 11 (33) | 5 (38) | 0.24 |
| Intermediate | 38 (49) | 12 (46) | 3 (50) | 17 (52) | 6 (46) | |
| Low | 16 (21) | 9 (35) | 2 (33) | 3 (9) | 2 (15) | |
Note: EM: ASXL1, TET2, DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2, EZH2, BCOR, BCORL1; SF: SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, ZRSR2. TF: ETV6, GATA2, NOTCH1. TS: TP53, PHF6; SKP: JAK2, KRAS, NF1, BRAF, STAT3, GNAS.
The bolded values are the statistically significant values.
Abbreviations: ACE‐27, adult comorbidity evaluation 27; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; BM, bone marrow; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CCUS‐O, other clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS); CCUS‐T, CCUS with causes of cytopenia; CHIP‐O, other clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP); CHIP‐T, CHIP with causes of cytopenia; DTA, DNMT3A, TET2, or ASXL1; Hb, hemoglobin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MCV, median corpuscular volume; SCT, stem cell transplantation; VAF, variant allele frequency; WBC, white blood cell count.
Patients received single agent therapy or a combination of listed chemotherapies.
No cytogenetic data available for seven patients.
Percentages were corrected for the available data on each gene.
Unable to calculate in three patients.