Table 4.
Linear regression analysis of factors associated with HIV-1 viral load among HIV-positive participants
| Variables | No. (%) of HIV-positive study participants | |
|---|---|---|
| aUnadjusted β (95% CI), p value | bAdjusted β (95% CI), p value | |
| Gender, female n (%) | 1331,151(− 74,213 to 85,999), p = 0.885 | – |
| Age (in years) | 2,705 (− 1,202 to 6,433), p = 154 | – |
| Residence | ||
| Rural | 1 | – |
| Urban | − 32,293(− 129,499 to 64,914), p = 0.513 | – |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 1 | 1 |
| Married | − 64,128.9 (− 151,439.3 to 231,81.6), p = 149 | − 22,735(− 51,558 to 6,087), p = 0.120 |
| Divorced/widowed | − 132,069.98 (− 252,174 to − 11,966), p = 0.031 | − 10,167(− 42,010 to 21,677), p = 0.527 |
| Education level | ||
| Illiterate | 1 | – |
| Elementary school | − 28,330 (− 117,372 to 60,712), p = 0.531 | – |
| Secondary school and above | 107,888 (− 235,016 to 19,239), p = 0.096 | – |
| Monthly income level | ||
| Low | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | − 46,029 (− 134,309 to 42,250), p = 0.305 | 21,741(− 7,068 to 50,551), p = 0.137 |
| High | − 145,752 (− 252,146 to − 39,359), p = 0.008 | − 5,533(− 35,480 to 24,414), p = 714 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | − 39,453 (− 52,301 to − 26,604), p < 0.001 | 776(− 4,093 to 5,644), p = 0.752 |
| H. pylori infection | ||
| Negative | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | − 108,027 (− 186,470 to − 29,586), p = 0.007 | − 20,929(− 45,503 to 3,644), p = 0.094 |
| Alcohol intake | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 57,554 (− 32,550 to 147,657), p = 0.209 | – |
| Smoking habit | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | − 66,451 (− 168,565 to 35,664), p = 201 | – |
| Khat chewing habit | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 146,158 (18,982 to 273,335), p = 0.025 | 23.322 (− 14,820 to 61,465), p = 0.227 |
| WHO clinical stage of HIV | ||
| Stage I | 1 | 1 |
| Stage II | 4,534 (− 20,593 to 29,661), p = 0.721 | − 8,643(− 46,412 to 29,126), p = 0.650 |
| Stage III | 24,365 (− 4,782 to 53,513), p = 0.100 | 432 (− 48,453 to 49,316), p = 0.986 |
| Stage IV | 158,744 (117,243 to 200,246), p < 0.001 | 115,464(49,338 to 181,590), p < 0.001 |
| CD4+ T cell count (cells/µl) | ||
| < 200 | 1 | 1 |
| 200–500 | − 301,721 (− 382,054 to − 221,388), p < 0.001 | − 55,118(− 91,424 to − 18,812), p = 0.003 |
| > 500 | − 370,605 (− 460,321 to − 280,889), p < 0.001 | − 49,324(− 91,609 to 7,039), p = 0.023 |
| ART status | ||
| ART-naïve | 1 | – |
| On ART | − 239,674 (− 311,286 to − 168,061), p < 0.001 | – |
| Duration on ART | − 160 (− 492 to 172), p = 0.341 | – |
| Duration of ART | ||
| < 3 years | 1 | – |
| ≥ 3 years | − 19,847 (− 46,207 to 6,513), p = 0.138 | – |
H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori, HIV human immunodeficiency virus. ART antiretroviral therapy, β regression coefficient, CI confidence interval; 1 = reference category
aLinear regression analysis
bMultiple regression adjusted for factors with p value ≤ 0.05 by linear regression analysis