Table 1.
Difference in baseline demographics in entire cohort between CrossRoads studies
| Variable | CrossRoads 1 (n = 1040) | CrossRoads 2 (n = 704) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Male | 460 (44.2%) | 314 (44.6%) | 0.88 |
| Age, years | 52.8 (15.7) | 59.1 (16.1) | <0.01 |
| Australian‐born | 910 (87.9%) | 596 (84.8%) | 0.06 |
| Ethnic background | <0.01 | ||
| White | 1011 (97.4%) | 654 (92.9%) | |
| Asian | 11 (1.1%) | 30 (4.3%) | |
| Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander | 7 (0.7%) | 6 (0.9%) | |
| Other | 9 (0.9%) | 14 (2.0%) | |
| Regional town | <0.01 | ||
| Shepparton/Mooroopna | 690 (66.3%) | 331 (47.0%) | |
| Benalla | 120 (11.5%) | 150 (21.3%) | |
| Cobram | 116 (11.2%) | 109 (15.5%) | |
| Seymour | 114 (11.0%) | 114 (16.2%) | |
| Private health insurance | 498 (47.9%) | 434 (61.6%) | <0.01 |
| Education secondary school and beyond | 488 (47.1%) | 439 (62.4%) | <0.01 |
| Clinical | |||
| Weight, kg | 78.8 (16.7) | 82.2 (19.2) | <0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 (5.4) | 29.7 (19.6) | 0.02 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.01 | ||
| < 25 | 331 (31.8%) | 182 (25.9%) | |
| 25 to < 30 | 420 (40.4%) | 272 (38.6%) | |
| ≥ 30 | 289 (27.8%) | 250 (35.5%) | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.7 (14.4) | 98.5 (15.1) | <0.01 |
| Elevated waist circumference | 501 (48.2%) | 423 (60.1%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 578 (55.6%) | 384 (54.9%) | 0.77 |
| Dyslipidemia | 653 (63.8%) | 402 (57.8%) | 0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 76 (7.3%) | 64 (9.4%) | 0.12 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 342 (32.9%) | 252 (36.3%) | 0.15 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Alcohol excess | 166 (16.0%) | 99 (14.1%) | 0.28 |
| Smoking status | <0.01 | ||
| Current smoker | 179 (17.3%) | 65 (9.5%) | |
| Ex‐smoker | 345 (33.3%) | 233 (34.1%) | |
| Non‐smoker | 513 (49.5%) | 385 (56.4%) | |
| Physical activity, minutes/week | 278 (293) | 265 (229) | 0.40 |
| Adequate physical activity | 480 (66.9%) | 329 (66.1%) | 0.78 |
| Adequate diet | 228 (22.0%) | 133 (19.5%) | 0.21 |
| Takeaway food ≥ once per week | 271 (26.1%) | 210 (30.7%) | 0.04 |
| Healthy lifestyle | 135 (18.8%) | 85 (17.1%) | 0.43 |
| Laboratory measured risk factors | |||
| GGT, U/L | 34 (41) | 33 (39) | 0.48 |
| ALT, U/L | 25 (19) | 26 (16) | 0.31 |
| ALT ≥ 1.5× upper limit of normal* | 168 (16.2%) | 107 (15.2%) | 0.59 |
| AST, U/L | 26 (10) | 26 (9) | 0.63 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.2) | 0.31 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.7) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.3 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.0) | <0.01 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 3.2 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | <0.01 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 0.72 |
| Low HDL** | 288 (27.7%) | 215 (30.5%) | 0.20 |
| Elevated triglycerides*** | 342 (32.9%) | 220 (31.3%) | 0.47 |
| FIB‐4 | 1.25 (0.77) | 1.31 (0.69) | 0.11 |
| FIB‐4 categorical | <0.01 | ||
| < 1.30 | 676 (65.0%) | 372 (57.8%) | |
| 1.30 to 2.67 | 316 (30.4%) | 249 (38.7%) | |
| > 2.67 | 48 (4.6%) | 23 (3.6%) | |
| NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) | −1.648 (1.406) | −1.415 (2.350) | 0.01 |
| NFS categorical | <0.01 | ||
| <−1.455 | 606 (58.3%) | 313 (50.4%) | |
| −1.455 to 0.676 | 379 (36.5%) | 276 (44.4%) | |
| >0.676 | 55 (5.3%) | 32 (5.2%) | |
| Outcome | |||
| NAFLD | 340 (32.7%) | 273 (38.8%) | <0.01 |
All continuous parameters presented as mean (SD); all categorical parameters presented as n (%).
BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; FIB‐4, fibrosis‐4 index; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.
†
Upper limit normal = 30 U/L men and 20 U/L women.
‡
Low HDL = < 1.0 mmol/L in men or < 1.3 mmol/L in women or on lipid‐lowering therapy.
§
Elevated triglycerides = ≥ 1.70 mmol/L.