Table 3.
Difference in baseline demographics in NAFLD participants between CrossRoads studies
| Variable | CrossRoads 1 (n = 340) | CrossRoads 2 (n = 273) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Male | 192 (56.5%) | 136 (59.8%) | 0.10 |
| Age, years | 54.2 (15.0) | 61.2 (15.4) | <0.01 |
| Australian‐born | 303 (89.4%) | 231 (84.6%) | 0.08 |
| White ethnic background | 329 (97.1%) | 256 (93.8%) | 0.05 |
| Rural location* | 117 (34.4%) | 148 (54.2%) | <0.01 |
| Education secondary school and beyond | 138 (40.9%) | 164 (60.3%) | <0.01 |
| Clinical | |||
| Weight, kg | 92.7 (14.5) | 95.0 (17.3) | 0.07 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 (5.3) | 33.5 (5.9) | 0.03 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.43 | ||
| < 25 | 8 (2.4%) | 4 (1.5%) | |
| 25 to < 30 | 113 (33.2%) | 81 (29.7%) | |
| ≥ 30 | 219 (64.4%) | 188 (68.9%) | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 107.2 (10.3) | 109.8 (12.1) | <0.01 |
| Elevated waist circumference | 293 (86.2%) | 241 (88.3%) | 0.44 |
| Hypertension | 236 (69.4%) | 179 (65.8%) | 0.34 |
| Dyslipidemia | 262 (80.1%) | 186 (70.5%) | <0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 46 (13.5%) | 41 (15.5%) | 0.49 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 213 (62.6%) | 169 (62.8%) | 0.96 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Smoking status | 49 (14.4%) | 25 (9.4%) | 0.15 |
| Current smoker | 138 (40.6%) | 107 (40.4%) | |
| Ex‐smoker | 153 (45.0%) | 133 (50.2%) | |
| Non‐smoker | |||
| Physical activity, minutes/week | 278 (261) | 240 (189) | 0.10 |
| Adequate physical activity | 145 (68.7%) | 115 (64.2%) | 0.35 |
| Adequate diet | 79 (23.2%) | 39 (14.7%) | <0.01 |
| Takeaway food ≥ once per week | 98 (28.8%) | 96 (36.2%) | 0.05 |
| Healthy lifestyle | 42 (19.9%) | 22 (12.3%) | 0.04 |
| Laboratory measured risk factors | |||
| GGT, U/L | 33 (24, 51) | 29 (20, 44) | <0.01 |
| ALT, U/L | 25 (17, 36) | 26 (20, 35) | 0.90 |
| ALT ≥ 1.5× upper limit of normal** | 97 (28.5%) | 54 (19.8%) | 0.01 |
| AST, U/L | 25 (21, 30) | 23 (20, 29) | 0.42 |
| FIB‐4 | 1.24 (0.92) | 1.29 (0.64) | 0.45 |
| FIB‐4 categorical | <0.01 | ||
| < 1.30 | 232 (68.2%) | 138 (56.6%) | |
| 1.30 to 2.67 | 92 (27.1%) | 98 (40.2%) | |
| > 2.67 | 16 (4.7%) | 8 (3.3%) | |
| NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) | −1.306 (1.485) | −1.041 (1.335) | 0.03 |
| NFS categorical | 0.08 | ||
| <−1.455 | 158 (46.5%) | 87 (37.0%) | |
| −1.455 to 0.676 | 152 (44.7%) | 124 (52.8%) | |
| >0.676 | 30 (8.8%) | 24 (10.2%) | |
All continuous parameters presented as mean (SD) except GGT, ALT, AST presented as median (IQR); all categorical parameters presented as n (%).
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; FIB‐4, fibrosis‐4 index; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transferase; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.
†
Shepparton/Mooroopna considered regional, Benalla/Cobram/Seymour considered rural.
‡
Upper limit normal = 30 U/L men and 20 U/L women.