TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics of adolescents.
| Variables | Male (n = 266) | Female (n = 264) | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Anthropometry | |||
| Age (years) | 17.67 (0.28) | 17.67 (0.32) | 0.881 |
| Height (m) | 1.79 (0.07) | 1.66 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| *Weight (kg) | 68.95 (13.30) | 61.00 (14.20) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity—White (n, %) | 254 (95.4) | 254 (96.3) | 0.696 |
| Body composition | |||
| *Total fat mass (kg) | 10.26 (8.94) | 19.80 (10.43) | <0.0001 |
| *Lean mass (kg) | 54.55 (8.08) | 38.09 (4.39) | <0.0001 |
| *Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.37 (3.78) | 22.46 (4.89) | <0.001 |
| Overweight/obese (BMI >24.99 kg/m2 (n, %) | 48 (17.9) | 65 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma metabolic indices | |||
| High‐density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.21 (0.26) | 1.37 (0.32) | <0.001 |
| Low‐density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.03 (0.58) | 2.21 (0.65) | 0.001 |
| *Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.73 (0.38) | 0.73 (0.35) | 0.458 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.19 (0.63) | 4.93 (0.34) | <0.001 |
| *Insulin (mU/L) | 5.94 (3.71) | 7.57 (4.13) | <0.001 |
| *High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.45 (0.88) | 0.60 (1.53) | <0.001 |
| Vascular measures | |||
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 63 (10) | 66 (9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 120 (9) | 110 (8) | <0.001 |
| Systolic hypertension (≥130 mm Hg) (n, %) | 31 (11.6) | <5 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 63 (6) | 64 (6) | 0.001 |
| Cardiac measures | |||
| Left ventricular mass indexed for height (g/m2.7) | 37.69 (7.46) | 35.59 (7.41) | 0.003 |
| Relative wall thickness (cm) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.637 |
| Left ventricular diastolic function (E/A) | 1.94 (0.38) | 1.90 (0.38) | 0.350 |
| Left ventricular filling pressure (E/e′) | 4.89 (1.15) | 4.81 (0.89) | 0.875 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Smoked cigarette ever (n, %) | 109 (41) | 130 (49.5) | 0.776 |
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 468 (87) | 484 (78) | 0.023 |
| LPA (min/day) | 293 (70) | 274 (62) | 0.001 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 56 (30) | 41 (24) | <0.001 |
| Family history of H‐D‐C‐V (n, %) | 82 (30.7) | 85 (32.3) | 0.322 |
| Maternal socioeconomic status (n, %) | |||
| Professional | 22 (8.3) | 16 (6.0) | 0.213 |
| Managerial and technical | 103 (38.8) | 99 (37.5) | |
| Skilled nonmanual | 91 (34.3) | 94 (35.6) | |
| Skilled manual | <7 (1) | <7 (1.7) | |
| Partly skilled | 41 (15.3) | 40 (15.1) | |
| Unskilled | 7 (2.5) | 11 (4.1) | |
Note: The values are means (standard deviations) and *median (interquartile range) except for lifestyle factors in percentage. Differences between sexes were tested using Student's t‐test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann–Whitney U test for skewed continuous variables, and chi‐square test for dichotomous variable and one‐way analysis of covariance for multicategory variable. A two‐sided p‐value <0.05 is considered statistically significant. p‐Value for sex differences.
Abbreviations: H‐D‐C‐V, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol and vascular disease; LPA, light physical activity; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity.