Table 3.
Univariable associations between baseline characteristics and change in BMD, stratified by HIV status at follow‐up
| ∆ Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2) [95%CI] | ∆ Total hip BMD (g/cm2) [95% CI] | ∆ Total body BMD (g/cm2) [95%CI] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV − (n = 385) | HIV + (n = 65) | HIV − (n = 381) | HIV + (n = 62) | HIV − (n = 292) | HIV + (n = 51) | |
| Sociodemographic and behavioral factors | ||||||
| Age (in decades) | −0.009 [−0.027, 0.010] | −0.009 [−0.036, 0.017] | −0.008 [−0.018, 0.003] | −0.001 [−0.023, 0.021] | −0.009 [−0.018, −0.001] b | −0.022 [−0.049, 0.006] |
| Finished high school | −0.016[−0.038, 0.006] | −0.011[−0.041, 0.019] | 0.006[−0.006, 0.019] | −0.008[−0.033, 0.016] | 0.003[−0.007, 0.013] | 0.004[−0.028, 0.035] |
| Currently unemployed | −0.001 [−0.023, 0.020] | 0.013 [−0.013, 0.038] | −0.008 [−0.021, 0.004] | 0.019 [−0.001, 0.040] | 0.004 [−0.006, 0.014] | −0.013 [−0.040, 0.014] |
| Ever smoked tobacco | −0.007 [−0.043, 0.028] | 0.015 [−0.028, 0.057] | −0.007 [−0.027, 0.013] | −0.001 [−0.039, 0.037] | 0.006 [−0.010, 0.023] | 0.003 [−0.042, 0.047] |
| Meeting MVPA guidelines (≥150 mins/week) | −0.018 [−0.040, 0.004] | −0.017 [−0.042, 0.008] | −0.010 [−0.022, 0.002] | −0.011 [−0.031, 0.010] | −0.004 [−0.014, 0.006] | −0.018 [−0.044, 0.008] |
| Women's health | ||||||
| Menopause transition stage | ||||||
| 0:Pre‐Pre | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1:Pre‐Peri | −0.032 [−0.093, 0.030] | −0.079 [−0.134, −0.023] b | −0.033 [−0.067, 0.001] | −0.028 [−0.081, 0.025] | −0.025 [−0.055, 0.004] | −0.068 [−0.122, −0.015] b |
| 2:Pre‐Post | −0.049 [−0.095, −0.003] b | −0.069 [−0.105, −0.032] a | −0.052 [−0.078, −0.026] a | −0.030 [−0.065, 0.006] | −0.031 [−0.054, −0.009] b | −0.064 [−0.104, −0.024] a |
| 3:Peri‐Peri | 0.033 [−0.016, 0.082] | −0.009 [−0.045, 0.027] | −0.002 [−0.029, 0.026] | −0.001 [−0.036, 0.034] | −0.003 [−0.027, 0.021] | 0.002 [−0.039, 0.043] |
| 4:Peri‐Post | −0.037 [−0.085, 0.012] | −0.094 [−0.143, −0.045] a | −0.038 [−0.065, −0.010] a | −0.015 [−0.062, 0.033] | −0.041 [−0.064, −0.018] a | −0.080 [−0.134, −0.027] b |
| 5:Post‐Post | −0.034 [−0.077, 0.008] | −0.058 [−0.088, −0.027] a | −0.025 [−0.049, −0.001] b | −0.025 [−0.055, 0.006] | −0.032 [−0.053, −0.011] a | −0.053 [−0.086, −0.020] b |
| Anthropometry and muscle strength | ||||||
| Weight (10 kg) | 0.0008 [−0.0059, 0.0077] | 0.0041 [−0.0031, 0.0112] | 0.0015 [−0.0024, 0.0054] | −0.0004 [−0.0062, 0.0055] | 0.0008 [−0.0024, 0.0040] | 0.0017 [−0.0057, 0.0092] |
| Height (m) | −0.038 [−0.221, 0.145] | 0.136 [−0.075, 0.347] | −0.056 [−0.159, 0.048] | 0.195 [0.027, 0.362] b | −0.091 [−0.178, −0.003] b | 0.182 [−0.069, 0.433] |
| Grip strength (kg) | −0.001 [−0.004, 0.002] | 0.001 [−0.002, 0.003] | 0.001 [−0.0002, 0.003] | 0.001 [−0.001, 0.003] | 0.0004 [−0.001, 0.002] | −0.001 [−0.003, 0.002] |
| DXA fat and lean mass | ||||||
| TBLH fat mass (kg) | 0.0001 [−0.001, 0.002] | 0.0003 [−0.001, 0.002] | 0.0004 [−0.0003, 0.001] | −0.0003 [−0.001, 0.001] | −0.00001 [−0.001, 0.001] | 0.0001 [−0.001, 0.001] |
| TBLH lean mass (kg) | −0.001 [−0.003, 0.001] | 0.0002 [−0.002, 0.002] | −0.0004 [−0.001, 0.001] | −0.0001 [−0.001, 0.001] | 0.001 [−0.0001, 0.001] | 0.001 [−0.001, 0.002] |
Note: Univariable linear regression generating beta coefficients [95% CI] indicating absolute change in BMD (g/cm2) according to baseline characteristics.
Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; TBLH, total body less head.
a
p < 0.001.
b
p < 0.05.