FIGURE 4.

Predicted interactive effects between rising temperatures and urbanisation in relation to food resources: Greater food availability may buffer foraging‐thermoregulation trade‐offs by improving foraging efficiency and artificial light at night in cities may allow foraging during cooler times of day (e.g. extending ‘daylight’ before dawn and after dusk) for diurnal birds, reducing biological impacts of warming temperatures in urban versus non‐urban areas (left). However, high temperatures may reduce food quality (e.g. trees synthesise lower carotenoid content under heat reducing carotenoid availability across the food web), which can be exacerbated in cities by the urban heat island effect and air pollution, causing increased biological impact of warming in urban than non‐urban areas (right).