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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatrics. 2022 Jul 1;150(1):e2022056284. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-056284

Table 2.

Rates of Child Abuse Encounters by Pandemic Time Period (Injury-Code Cohort)

Before Pandemic: Encounters per day (N) During Pandemic: Encounters per day (N) Unadjusted Rate Ratio Partially Adjusted Rate Ratio (99% CI)1 p-value Fully Adjusted Rate Ratio (99% CI)2 p-value
Overall 3.28 (2693) 2.95 (1078) 0.90 0.90 (0.81,0.99) .007 0.90 (0.82,0.98) .002
Age
 0-<6 months 2.09 (1713) 1.88 (685) 0.90 0.90 (0.79,1.01) .02
 6-<12 months 0.99 (809) 0.92 (335) 0.93 0.93 (0.78,1.11) .28
 12-<24 months 0.21 (171) 0.16 (58) 0.76 0.76 (0.50,1.15) .09
Sex
 Female 1.54 (1261) 1.35 (494) 0.88 0.88 (0.76,1.01) .02
 Male 1.74 (1432) 1.60 (584) 0.92 0.91 (0.80,1.04) .08
Race/Ethnicity
 Hispanic 0.50 (411) 0.48 (175) 0.96 0.95 (0.71,1.28) .68
 Non-Hispanic Additional Racial Groups 0.35 (290) 0.37 (134) 1.06 1.04 (0.74,1.45) .79
 Non-Hispanic Black 0.91 (745) 0.73 (268) 0.80 0.81 (0.64,1.02) .02
 Non-Hispanic White 1.52 (1247) 1.37 (501) 0.90 0.90 (0.76,1.07) .11
Primary Payer
 Private 1.17 (963) 1.13 (412) 0.97 0.96 (0.80,1.15) .55
 Public 2.00 (1638) 1.75 (638) 0.88 0.87 (0.76,1.01) .014
 Self-pay 0.11 (92) 0.08 (28) 0.73 0.68 (0.35,1.32) .13
Site
 A 0.53 (435) 0.42 (154) 0.79 0.79 (0.61,1.04) .03
 B 0.47 (382) 0.39 (142) 0.83 0.83 (0.63,1.10) .09
 C 0.40 (328) 0.36 (131) 0.90 0.89 (0.67,1.20) .33
 D 0.58 (473) 0.51 (185) 0.88 0.88 (0.68,1.12) .17
 E 0.35 (291) 0.33 (120) 0.94 0.92 (0.68,1.26) .51
 F 0.34 (283) 0.36 (130) 1.06 1.03 (0.76,1.39) .81
 G 0.33 (272) 0.35 (127) 1.06 1.05 (0.77,1.42) .71
 H 0.14 (116) 0.12 (43) 0.86 0.83 (0.50,1.39) .35
 I 0.14 (113) 0.13 (46) 0.93 0.91 (0.55,1.51) .64
ISS
 0–8 2.01 (1650) 1.71 (624) 0.85 0.85 (0.75,0.96) <.001 0.85 (0.75,0.96) <.001
 9–15 1.16 (951) 1.15 (418) 0.99 0.98 (0.84,1.15) .81 0.98 (0.85,1.15) .80
 16+ 0.11 (92) 0.10 (36) 0.91 0.88 (0.51,1.49) .53 0.88 (0.53,1.45) .50
MAIS
 0–2 2.03 (1666) 1.73 (633) 0.85 0.85 (0.75,0.97) .001 0.85 (0.75,0.96) <.001
 3–6 1.25 (1027) 1.22 (445) 0.98 0.97 (0.83,1.14) .63 0.97 (0.84,1.12) .60
Triage Category
 ESI1 0.24 (194) 0.21 (76) 0.88 0.88 (0.58,1.34) .43 0.88 (0.62,1.24) .34
 ESI2 1.05 (863) 0.98 (358) 0.93 0.93 (0.76,1.13) .34 0.93 (0.79,1.09) .25
 ESI3 1.17 (960) 1.12 (410) 0.96 0.96 (0.80,1.15) .54 0.96 (0.82,1.11) .46
 ESI4 0.65 (537) 0.55 (199) 0.85 0.83 (0.64,1.08) .07 0.83 (0.67,1.03) .03
 ESI5 0.08 (67) 0.05 (17) 0.63 0.57 (0.24,1.33) .09 0.57 (0.28,1.15) .04
ED Disposition 3
 Admitted/Transferred/Died 1.32 (1081) 1.21 (441) 0.92 0.92 (0.79,1.07) .14 0.92 (0.79,1.06) .12
 Discharged 1.60 (1317) 1.39 (506) 0.87 0.86 (0.75,0.99) .007 0.86 (0.75,0.99) .005
Death 3
 No 2.91 (2388) 2.59 (945) 0.89 0.89 (0.80,0.99) .006 0.89 (0.80,0.98) .002
 Yes 0.03 (22) 0.01 (3) 0.33 0.31 (0.05,1.78) .08 0.31 (0.06,1.49) .05
1

Partially adjusted estimates come from separate multivariable Poisson regression models for each characteristic, each with the following covariates: pandemic time period, site, calendar month, and an interaction between pandemic time period and the characteristic. Estimates and confidence intervals represent the contrast within each characteristic (e.g. Hispanic ethnicity) of rates during the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period.

2

Fully adjusted estimates come from separate multivariable Poisson regression models for each severity indicator, each with the following covariates: pandemic time period, age, sex, race/ethnicity, primary payer, site, and calendar month and interactions between pandemic time period and severity. The overall estimate is reported from the multivariable ISS model.

3

All visits from Site F were excluded from ED disposition and death models due to incomplete disposition data.