Table 2.

Risk of adverse events in patients with compared to without CTO

Model	All-Cause Mortality HR (CI)	P Value	CV Death HR (CI)	P Value	MACE HR (CI)	P Value
1	1.22 (1.07 – 1.40)	0.004	1.26 (1.05 – 1.52)	0.012	1.15 (0.99 –1.33)	0.064
2	1.23 (1.07 – 1.40)	0.004	1.29 (1.08 – 1.56)	0.006	1.17 (1.01 – 1.35)	0.036
3	1.27 (1.09 – 1.47)	0.002	1.31 (1.07 – 1.60)	0.008	1.12 (0.96 – 1.31)	0.16
4*	1.24 (1.01 – 1.53)	0.042	1.30 (0.97 – 1.74)	0.075	1.21 (0.98 – 1.49)	0.073
5	1.25 (1.08 – 1.45)	0.003	1.29 (1.05 – 1.57)	0.013	1.11 (0.95 – 1.30)	0.20

Multivariate cox proportional hazard ratio was analyzed for all-cause mortality and multivariate Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression analysis for CV death and MACE of significant CAD compared to CTO with the CTO group as the reference group. Significant CAD was defined as having ≥ 50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery. MACE was defined as CV death/MI/HF hospitalization.

Model 1 unadjusted.

Model 2 adjusted for demographic covariates [age, sex, race (black vs. non-black)].

Model 3 adjusted for model 2 + clinical covariates [BMI, history of smoking, history of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, history of MI].

Model 4 adjusted for model 3 + disease severity [1, 2 or 3 vessel disease].

Model 5 adjusted for model 3 + any revascularization at study enrollment.

BMI = body mass index; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD = coronary artery disease; CI = 95% confidence interval; CTO = chronic total occlusion; CV = cardiovascular; HF = heart failure hospitalization; HR = hazard ratio; MACE = major adverse cardiac events; MI = myocardial infarction.

^*(Patients without a history of CABG).