Table 3.

Risk of adverse events in patients with CTO revascularization compared to those without CTO revascularization

Model	All-Cause Mortality HR(CI)	P Value	CV Death HR (CI)	P Value	MACE HR (CI)	P Value
1	0.54 (0.39 – 0.73)	<0.001	0.40 (0.25 – 0.63)	<0.001	0.47 (0.33 – 0.66)	<0.001
2	0.54 (0.39 – 0.73)	<0.001	0.41 (0.26 – 0.65)	<0.001	0.49 (0.34 – 0.69)	<0.001
3	0.48 (0.34 – 0.69)	<0.001	0.43 (0.26 – 0.70)	0.001	0.56 (0.39 – 0.81)	0.002

Multivariate cox proportional hazard ratio was analyzed for all-cause mortality and multivariate Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression analysis was analyzed for CV death and MACE of revascularized CTO compared to non-revascularized CTO, with the non-revascularized CTO group as the reference group. CTO revascularization was defined as PCI or CABG that bypassed the CTO. MACE was defined as CV death/MI/HF hospitalization.

Model 1 unadjusted.

Model 2 adjusted for demographic covariates [age, sex, race (black vs. non-black)].

Model 3 adjusted for model 2 + clinical covariates [BMI, history of smoking, history of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, history of MI].

BMI = body mass index; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CI = 95% confidence interval; CTO = chronic total occlusion; CV = cardiovascular; HF = heart failure hospitalization; HR = hazard ratio; MACE = major adverse cardiac event; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.