Table 4.

Risk of adverse events in patients with non-revascularized CTO compared to those with CAD without a CTO

Model	All-Cause Mortality HR (CI)	P Value	CV Death HR (CI)	P Value	MACE HR (CI)	P Value
1	1.41 (1.22 – 1.63)	<0.001	1.52 (1.25 – 1.84)	<0.001	1.35 (1.16 –1.58)	<0.001
2	1.40 (1.21 – 1.62)	<0.001	1.53 (1.26 – 1.86)	<0.001	1.36 (1.16 – 1.59)	<0.001
3	1.45 (1.24 – 1.70)	<0.001	1.50 (1.21 – 1.86)	<0.001	1.24 (1.05 – 1.48)	0.012
4*	1.37 (1.09 – 1.71)	0.006	1.38 (1.01 – 1.89)	0.042	1.31 (1.04 – 1.64)	0.022

Multivariate cox proportional hazard ratio was analyzed for all-cause mortality and multivariate Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression analysis for CV death and MACE of significant CAD compared to non-revascularized CTO with the non-revascularized CTO group as the reference group. Significant CAD was defined as having ≥ 50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery. MACE was defined as CV death/MI/HF hospitalization.

Model 1 unadjusted.

Model 2 adjusted for demographic covariates [age, sex, race (black vs. non-black)].

Model 3 adjusted for model 2 + clinical covariates [BMI, history of smoking, history of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, history of MI].

Model 4 adjusted for model 3 + disease severity [1, 2 or 3 vessel disease].

BMI = body mass index; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD = coronary artery disease; CI = 95% confidence interval; CTO = chronic total occlusion; CV = cardiovascular; HF = heart failure hospitalization; HR = hazard ratio; MACE = major adverse cardiac events; MI = myocardial infarction.

^*(Patients without a history of CABG).