Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 2.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Jan 2;83(1):63–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.025

FIGURE 11. Advanced Digital Technology 3D Outputs in Congenital Heart Disease Imaging.

FIGURE 11

Reconstructed from stacks of 2D source data including echocardiographic (Echo), computed tomographic (CT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images (teal background), standard 3D volume outputs have become universally adopted for advanced 3D visualization in echocardiography, CT and MR (purple background). Exponential growth in higher quality and more interactive 3D outputs has created a wealth of new display options, including 3D printing to digital twin and virtual reality (VR)–based game engine simulation, particularly for hemodynamic predictions and procedural planning (green background). AR = augmented reality.