Table 1.
Sample Sociodemographic Characteristics
| Sociodemographic characteristic | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | % (95% CI) | k | % (95% CI) | k | % (95% CI) | |
| Continent | 373/374 | 99.73% (97.95%, 99.97%) | 413/417 | 99.04% (97.47%, 99.64%) | 451/453 | 99.56% (98.25%, 99.89%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 1.63, p = .442 | |||||
| Proportion Africa | 1 | 0.27% (0.04%, 1.88%) | 1 | 0.24% (0.03%, 2.06%) | 1 | 0.22% (0.03%, 1.75%) |
| QB(2) = 0.02, p = .992 | ||||||
| Proportion Asia | 8 | 2.14% (1.08%, 4.23%) | 7 | 1.69% (0.81%, 3.51%) | 10 | 2.22% (1.20%, 4.08%) |
| QB(2) = 0.34, p = .845 | ||||||
| Proportion Europe | 48 | 12.87% (9.84%, 16.67%) | 84 | 20.34% (16.73%, 24.50%) | 89 | 19.73% (16.30%, 23.69%) |
| QB(2) = 8.98, p = .011 | ||||||
| Proportion North America | 288 | 77.21% (71.64%, 81.97%) | 309 | 74.82% (70.30%, 78.86%) | 330 | 73.17% (68.67%, 77.24%) |
| QB(2) = 1.40, p = .497 | ||||||
| Proportion Oceania | 28 | 7.51% (5.16%, 10.79%) | 11 | 2.66% (1.48%, 4.74%) | 19 | 4.21% (2.70%, 6.51%) |
| QB(2) = 9.65, p = .008 | ||||||
| Proportion South America | 0 | 0.00% (0.00%, 100.00%) | 1 | 0.24% (0.03%, 1.70%) | 2 | 0.44% (0.11%, 1.76%) |
| QB(2) = 0.23, p = .892 | ||||||
| Age/developmental stage | 338/374 | 90.37% (86.94%, 92.98%) | 400/417 | 95.92% (93.54%, 97.45%) | 442/453 | 97.57% (95.66%, 98.65%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 20.73, p < .001 | |||||
| Proportion infancy/preschool | 8 | 2.52% (1.27%, 4.97%) | 7 | 1.87% (0.89%, 3.87%) | 12 | 2.83% (1.60%, 4.96%) |
| QB(2) = 0.78, p = .679 | ||||||
| Proportion childhood | 31 | 9.78% (6.90%, 13.69%) | 31 | 8.29% (5.89%, 11.55%) | 60 | 14.15% (10.73%, 18.44%) |
| QB(2) = 6.42, p = .040 | ||||||
| Proportion adolescence | 26 | 8.20% (5.46%, 12.14%) | 51 | 13.64% (10.52%, 17.50%) | 45 | 10.61% (8.02%, 13.92%) |
| QB(2) = 4.77, p = .092 | ||||||
| Proportion emerging adulthood | 62 | 19.56% (13.32%, 27.78%) | 58 | 15.51% (12.18%, 19.54%) | 60 | 14.15% (11.14%, 17.81%) |
| QB(2) = 2.04, p = .361 | ||||||
| Proportion adulthood | 186 | 58.68% (52.65%, 64.46%) | 222 | 59.36% (54.30%, 64.23%) | 245 | 57.78% 53.023%, 62.40%) |
| QB(2) = 0.20, p = .903 | ||||||
| Proportion older adulthood | 4 | 1.26% (0.47%, 3.32%) | 5 | 1.34% (0.48%, 3.63%) | 2 | 0.47% (0.08%, 2.74%) |
| QB(2) = 1.09, p = .579 | ||||||
| Sex/gender | 341/374 | 91.18% (87.85%, 93.66%) | 387/417 | 92.81% (89.90%, 94.92%) | 439/453 | 96.91% (94.85%, 98.16%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 11.78, p = .003 | |||||
| Proportion female | 341 | 48.49% (40.15%, 56.92%) | 387 | 46.13% (37.74%, 54.74%) | 439 | 62.14% (55.14%, 68.66%) |
| QB(2) = 9.96, p = .007 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 154 | 29.91% (18.99%, 43.72%) | 161 | 52.56% (43.19%, 61.75%) | 171 | 55.07% (46.27%, 63.57%) |
| QB(2) = 9.32, p = .009 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 154 | 33.59% (22.27%, 47.18%) | 161 | 53.60% (44.61%, 62.36%) | 171 | 56.54% (48.23%, 64.51%) |
| QB(2) = 8.16, p = .017 | ||||||
| Sexual orientation | 6/374 | 1.60% (0.72%, 3.52%) | 3/417 | 0.72% (0.23%, 2.21%) | 7/453 | 1.55% (0.75%, 3.14%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 1.52, p = .467 | |||||
| Gender identity | 0/374 | 0.00% (0.00%, 100.00%) | 0/417 | 0.00% (0.00%, 100.00%) | 1/453 | 0.22% (0.03%, 1.55%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 0.00, p = .999 | |||||
| Socioeconomic status | 65/374 | 17.38% (13.87%, 21.56%) | 96/417 | 23.02% (19.23%, 27.31%) | 109/453 | 24.06% (20.35%, 28.21%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 5.98, p = .050 | |||||
| Educational attainment | 177/374 | 47.33% (42.31%, 52.40%) | 213/417 | 51.08% (46.27%, 55.87%) | 202/453 | 44.59% (40.03%, 49.24%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 3.63, p = .163 | |||||
| Race | 157/374 | 41.98% (36.91%, 47.22%) | 254/417 | 60.91% (56.14%, 65.48%) | 288/453 | 63.58% (58.87%, 68.04%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 40.93, p < .001 | |||||
| Proportion reporting American Indian | 14/157 | 8.92% (5.35%, 14.50%) | 38/254 | 14.96% (10.57%, 20.74%) | 51/289 | 17.65% (13.67%, 22.48%) |
| QB(2) = 5.99, p = .050 | ||||||
| Proportion American Indian | 13 | 1.23% (0.72%, 2.08%) | 38 | 0.96% (0.72%, 1.29%) | 49 | 0.62% (0.46%, 0.85%) |
| QB(2) = 6.26, p = .044 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 1 | 2.50% (0.35%, 15.73%) | 5 | 1.12% (0.41%, 3.05%) | 11 | 1.60% (0.86%, 2.94%) |
| QB(2) = 0.62, p = .733 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 1 | 0.00% (0.00%, 100.00%) | 5 | 0.73% (0.14%, 3.64%) | 11 | 0.27% (0.04%, 1.87%) |
| QB(2) = 0.58, p = .747 | ||||||
| Proportion reporting Asian | 38/157 | 24.20% (18.13%, 31.53%) | 79/254 | 31.10% (25.70%, 37.07%) | 111/289 | 38.41% (32.95%, 44.17%) |
| QB(2) = 9.57, p = .008 | ||||||
| Proportion Asian | 37 | 6.31% (3.78%, 10.35%) | 76 | 3.83% (2.60%, 5.61%) | 110 | 4.60% (3.89%, 5.43%) |
| QB(2) = 2.35, p = .309 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 5 | 3.23% (0.67%, 14.16%) | 15 | 5.86% (2.33%, 13.96%) | 25 | 5.12% (3.31%, 7.84%) |
| QB(2) = 0.43, p = .806 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 5 | 2.49% (0.36%, 15.18%) | 15 | 4.38% (1.57%, 11.65%) | 25 | 7.88% (5.25%, 11.64%) |
| QB(2) = 2.36, p = .307 | ||||||
| Proportion reporting Black | 74/157 | 47.13% (39.45%, 54.95%) | 167/254 | 65.75% (59.70%, 71.33%) | 205/289 | 70.93% (65.42%, 75.89%) |
| QB(2) = 22.37, p < .001 | ||||||
| Proportion Black | 71 | 13.87% (10.40%, 18.26%) | 164 | 13.61% (11.24%, 16.38%) | 202 | 16.03% (13.56%, 18.86%) |
| QB(2) = 1.87, p = .393 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 10 | 7.97% (2.34%, 23.82%) | 26 | 15.27% (10.30%, 22.04%) | 46 | 21.39% (15.20%, 29.22%) |
| QB(2) = 3.74, p = .154 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 10 | 22.00% (4.01%, 65.59%) | 26 | 12.78% (8.26%, 19.26%) | 46 | 18.42% (11.78%, 27.64%) |
| QB(2) = 1.61, p = .447 | ||||||
| Proportion reporting Pacific Islander | 1/157 | 0.64% (0.09%, 4.47%) | 4/254 | 1.57% (0.59%, 4.12%) | 18/289 | 6.23% (3.96%, 9.67%) |
| QB(2) = 10.44, p = .054 | ||||||
| Proportion Pacific Islander | 1 | 6.89% (5.18%, 9.11%) | 4 | 1.04% (0.34%, 3.13%) | 17 | 0.76% (0.52%, 1.11%) |
| QB(2) = 86.21, p < .001 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 0 | - | 0 | - | 2 | - |
| Comparison group | 0 | - | 0 | - | 2 | - |
| Proportion reporting White | 144/157 | 91.72% (76.84%, 97.37%) | 243/254 | 95.67% (92.27%, 97.61%) | 269/289 | 93.08% (89.52%, 95.49%) |
| QB(2) = 1.94, p = .379 | ||||||
| Proportion White | 130 | 83.72% (79.92%, 86.92%) | 237 | 78.75% (75.54%, 81.65%) | 261 | 73.87% (71.09%, 76.47%) |
| QB(2) = 17.57, p < .001 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 27 | 89.16% (81.27%, 93.97%) | 55 | 75.74% (68.85%, 81.52%) | 71 | 67.27% (63.47%, 70.87%) |
| QB(2) = 19.73, p < .001 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 27 | 89.30% (80.94%, 94.25%) | 55 | 77.92% (70.83%, 83.68%) | 71 | 66.82% (62.10%, 71.23%) |
| QB(2) = 19.72, p < .001 | ||||||
| Ethnicity | 60/347 | 16.04% (12.66%, 20.12%) | 121/417 | 29.02% (24.86%, 33.56%) | 138/453 | 30.46% (26.40%, 34.85%) |
| Proportion of studies reporting | QB(2) = 25.29, p < .001 | |||||
| Proportion Hispanic/Latino | 56 | 6.93% (5.02%, 9.49%) | 121 | 6.37% (5.09%, 7.94%) | 135 | 7.77% (6.70%, 8.99%) |
| QB(2) = 2.25, p = .324 | ||||||
| Psychopathology group | 7 | 3.59% (1.00%, 12.03%) | 14 | 3.62% (1.68%, 7.62%) | 24 | 9.37% (7.62%, 11.48%) |
| QB(2) = 7.84, p = .020 | ||||||
| Comparison group | 7 | 3.39% (0.69%, 15.07%) | 14 | 4.39% (1.98%, 9.44%) | 25 | 7.78% (5.75%, 10.45%) |
| QB(2) = 2.72, p = .257 | ||||||
Note. Statistics for reporting and proportion of sample sociodemographic characteristics within each sampling time frame. For each set of studies, each analysis yielded an overall mean point estimate (presented as percentages) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) within each sampling time frame. k is the number of studies included in each analysis. k/k indicates the number of studies that reported on the sociodemographic characteristic out of the total number of studies, and k indicates the number of studies that reported on the proportion of participants for the sociodemographic characteristic. The QB statistic indicated whether were significant differences in point estimates across sampling time frames; point estimates for one sampling time frame or sociodemographic characteristic that fell outside the 95% CI for another were considered to be meaningfully different from one another.