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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Environ Health Rep. 2023 Jan 23;10(1):1–11. doi: 10.1007/s40572-023-00390-y

Table 2.

Summary of results

2A. Long-term PM2.5 exposure and all-cause mortality
Study Outcome(s) Results by race
Asian Black Hispanic Native
American		 White Other
(44) HR: 11,908,888 deaths
60,925,443 persons		 1.096
(1.075, 1.117)
p=0.002a 		1.208
(1.199, 1.217)
p<0.001a 		1.116
(1.100, 1.133)
p<0.001a 		1.100
(1.060, 1.140)
p=0.067a 		1.063
(1.060, 1.065)
Ref
(45) HR: 4,700,000 deathsc
13,100,000 persons		 ~1.025b
sig diffd 		~1.018b
Ref		 ~1.061b,g
sig diffd
(46) RD: 10,365,012 deaths
40,422,099 persons		 0.058%
(0.044, 0.073)
sig diffd 		0.076%
(0.073, 0.079)
Ref		 NRg
(47) HR: 267,204 deaths
1,599,329 persons		 1.15
(1.05, 1.27)
not sig diffe 		1.20
(1.11, 1.30)
not sig diffe 		1.11
(1.07, 1.15)
Ref		 1.10g
(0.94, 1.28)
not sig diffe
2B. Long-term PM2.5 exposure and non-accidental mortality
Study Outcome(s) Results by race
Asian Black Hispanic Native
American		 White Other
(49) RR: 15,324,059 deaths
52,954,845 persons		 ~0.9b
sig NRf 		~1.2b
sig diffd 		~0.8b
sig NRf 		~1.1b
Ref
(49) RR: 15,324,059 deaths
52,954,845 persons		 1.064
(1.058, 1.071)
Ref		 1.041h
(1.034, 1.049)
sig diffd
(48) HR: 65,936 deaths
657,238 persons		 1.11
(0.97, 1.28)
not sig diffe 		0.97
(0.88, 1.06)
not sig diffe 		1.05
(1.00, 1.11)
Ref		 0.89g
(0.70, 1.13)
not sig diffe
(50) 55.2
(50.5, 60.6)
Ref		 48.9
(44.9, 53.4)
sig diffd 		51.5i
(46.4, 50.4)
sig diffd
2C. Long-term PM2.5 exposure and CVD mortality
Study Outcome(s) Results by race
Asian Black Hispanic Native
American		 White Other
(51) HR: 135,289 deaths
565,477 persons		 0.98
(0.73, 1.32)
p=0.63a 		1.15
(1.09, 1.21)
Ref
(49) RR: 6,371,173 deaths
52,954,845 persons		 ~0.8b
sig diffd 		~1.2b
sig diffd 		~0.8b
sig NRf 		~1.1b
Ref
(49) RR: 6,371,173 deaths
52,954,845 persons		 1.109
(1.099, 1.119)
Ref		 1.054h
(1.042, 1.066)
sig NRf
(48) HR: 21,152 deaths
657,238 persons		 1.08
(0.89, 1.32)
not sig diffe 		1.07
(0.91, 1.25)
not sig diffe 		1.21
(1.11, 1.32)
Ref		 0.81
(0.57, 1.15)
sig NRf
2D. Short-term PM2.5 exposure and all-cause mortality
Study Outcome(s) Results by race
Asian Black Hispanic Native
American		 White Other
(52) RR: 22,433,862 deaths 1.01
(0.91, 1.12)
Ref		 1.27h
1.01, 1.53)
p=0.07a
(53) RelR: 775,338 deaths 0.21%
(−0.56, 0.99)
p=0.047a 		1.51%
(1.19, 1.63)
p=0.003a 		1.16%
(0.42, 1.91)
p=0.692a 		1.78
(−0.40, 4.01)
p=0.494a 		1.01
(0.91, 1.12)
Ref

Notes:

a

Reports of statistical significance for race*pollution interaction terms are taken from the source manuscript.

b

When ‘~’ is used, it is because the coefficients were taken from a figure and the precise results were not listed elsewhere in the paper.

c

Precision reported in table is taken from the source paper.

d

Statistically significant difference is reported in the text of the source paper without coefficients.

e

No statistically significant difference is reported in the text of the source paper without coefficients.

f

Statistically significant difference exists for some comparisons but is not clearly reported in the source paper.

g

‘Other’ is inferred by the authors to include Asian, Hispanic, and Native American, as it is not clearly listed in the source paper.

h

‘Other’ is inferred by the authors to include Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Native American, as it is not clearly listed in the source paper.

i

‘Other’ is inferred by the authors to include Asian, White, and Native American, as it is not clearly listed in the source paper.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; HS, high school; NR, not reported; not sig diff, no statistically significant difference; RD, risk difference; Ref, referent group; RelR, relative risk; RR, risk ratio; sig diff, statistically significant difference