ASCs were exposed to continuous stimulation (24 h) at 1 Hz pulse frequency. (a) Growth factor gene expression results for ASCs exposed to continuous stimulation. (b) ELISA results for VEGF, BDNF and GDNF in ASC secretome following 24 h of ES. Data are mean ± std, n = 11/group across 3 biological replicates and n = 3/group biological replicates for ELISA. *p value < 0.05, **p value < 0.01, ***p value < 0.0001, #p value = 0.055 compared to NoES.