Table 2.

Two-level Negative Binomial Models Predicting Depressive Symptoms from Overall Social Network Bridging^a
b

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Overall network bridging (WP) ^c	1.03^**	1.02^*	1.02	1.05^**	1.04^*
	[1.01,1.05]	[1.00,1.04]	[1.00,1.04]	[1.02,1.09]	[1.01,1.08]
Overall network bridging (BP)^d	1.02	1.04^*	1.03⁺	1.06^*	1.07^*
	[0.99,1.06]	[1.00,1.07]	[1.00,1.06]	[1.01,1.11]	[1.01,1.12]
Age 65–74 at R1 (Ref. 57–64)		1.07	1.08	1.19⁺	1.19⁺
		[0.91,1.25]	[0.93,1.25]	[0.98,1.45]	[0.99,1.43]
Age 75 + at R1		1.31⁺	1.28⁺	1.62^**	1.49^*
		[0.97,1.77]	[0.97,1.71]	[1.16,2.27]	[1.08,2.06]
Overall network bridging (WP) × Age 65–74 at R1				0.95⁺	0.96⁺
(Ref. 57–64)				[0.90,1.00]	[0.91,1.00]
Overall network bridging (WP) × Age 75+ at R1				0.96	0.96^*
				[0.92,1.01]	[0.92,1.00]
Overall network bridging (BP) × Age 65–74 at R1				0.94⁺	0.95⁺
(Ref. 57–64)				[0.89,1.01]	[0.89,1.01]
Overall network bridging (BP) × Age 75+ at R1				0.92⁺	0.92^*
				[0.84,1.01]	[0.85,1.00]
Time-varying age		0.99	0.99	1.00	0.99
		[0.98,1.01]	[0.98,1.01]	[0.98,1.02]	[0.98,1.01]]
Female		1.13^**	1.16^**		1.15^**
		[1.04,1.23]	[1.06,1.27]		[1.05,1.26]
African American (Ref. White)		1.13	1.03		1.03
		[0.97,1.31]	[0.89,1.19]		[0.88,1.19]
Hispanic		1.07	0.99		1.00
		[0.87,1.33]	[0.82,1.20]		[0.83,1.21]
Marital status (Ref. married/partnered)
Separated/divorced		0.97	1.01		1.02
		[0.84,1.12]	[0.88,1.16]		[0.89,1.16]
Widowed		1.24^***	1.26^***		1.27^***
		[1.10,1.39]	[1.12,1.42]		[1.13,1.42]
College education (1 = Yes)		0.80^***	0.81^***		0.81^***
		[0.72,0.89]	[0.73,0.90]		[0.73,0.90]
Currently Retired (1 = Yes)		0.95	0.95		0.95
		[0.88,1.03]	[0.88,1.03]		[0.88,1.03]
Chronic illness		1.08^***	1.08^***		1.08^***
		[1.04,1.11]	[1.04,1.11]		[1.04,1.11]
Functional disability		1.34^***	1.34^***		1.34^***
		[1.22,1.48]	[1.23,1.47]		[1.22,1.47]
Social network size	0.94^***	0.96^*	0.97	0.94^***	0.97
	[0.91,0.97]	[0.92,0.99]	[0.94,1.01]	[0.91,0.97]	[0.94,1.01]
Proportion of kin		0.93	0.94		0.94
		[0.81,1.06]	[0.82,1.07]		[0.83,1.07]
Perceived support			0.81^***		0.81^***
			[0.76,0.87]		[0.76,0.87]
Perceived difficult ties			1.28^***		1.28^***
			[1.21,1.35]		[1.21,1.35]

Fixed intercept (lnalpha)	0.25^***	0.24^***	0.24^***	0.24^***	0.24^***
	[0.21,0.29]	[0.20,0.28]	[0.20,0.29]	[0.20,0.29]	[0.20,0.28]
Random effect: variance of the intercept	1.87^***	1.62^***	1.49^***	1.84^***	1.49^***
	[1.72,2.03]	[1.51,1.74]	[1.40,1.59]	[1.70,1.99]	[1.40,1.59]

AIC	21900.2	21547.5	20992.2	21881.4	20993.9
BIC	21950.9	21693.3	21150.2	21976.5	21177.2

N of total person-years = 4,106. Estimates are weighted using NSHAP person weights and adjusted for attrition and selection using propensity scores. All models account for a multistage, clustered survey design. 95% confidence intervals in brackets.

⁺

p < 0.10,

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

^***

p < 0.001

All models report incidence rate ratio and include round dummy indicators where t = 1–3. R1 = Round 1

Person-mean across waves (i.e., time-varying). WP=within-person.

Person-mean centered scores (i.e., time-invariant). BP=between-person.