Table 1.

Demographic and perioperative data

Demographic data	Total (n = 93)	ventilation < 48 hours (n = 34)	ventilation ≥ 48 hours (n = 59)	p-value	OR	95%CI		p-value
Age (day)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	3.5 (3.0–5.0)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	0.160
Gestational age (wk)	38.5 ± 1.7	39.0 ± 0.7	38.2 ± 0.2	0.016	1.26	0.98–1.62		0.07
Gestational age < 37 wks	10 (11.1%)	0 (0.0%)	10 (17.5%)	0.011	n/a
Male gender	64 (68.8%)	23 (67.6%)	41 (69.5%)	0.85
Weight (kg)	3.3 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.6	0.150
Chromosome abnormality	11 (11.8%)	3 (8.8%)	8 (13.6%)	0.740
Preoperative mechanical ventilation	71 (76.3%)	28 (82.4%)	43 (72.9%)	0.450
Balloon atrial septostomy	42 (45.2%)	17 (50.0%)	25 (42.4%)	0.520
Preoperative Hb (g/dL)	14.1 ± 1.9	14.3 ± 1.6	13.9 ± 2.0	0.350
Preoperative platelet (per uL)	239.7 ± 66.4	245.4 (69.6)	236.4 ± 64.9	0.530
Preoperative lactate (mmol/L)	2.1 ± 0.7	2.1 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.8	0.510
Intraoperative and CPB data
CPB time (min)	180.9 ± 39.0	183.5 ± 40.9	179.4 ± 38.1	0.630
Cross-clamp time (min)	122.9 ± 23.8	130.5 ± 27.9	118.5 ± 20.1	0.018	0.98	0.96–1.00					0.02
Circulatory arrest	19 (20.4%)	5 (14.7%)	14 (23.7%)	0.420
Modified ultrafiltration	73 (78.5%)	30 (88.2%)	43 (72.9%)	0.120
CPB crystalloid (ml)	370.0 (250.0–520.0)	362.5 (292.5–520.0)	370.0 (245.0–540.0)	0.960
Surgical duration (hour)	5.8 ± 1.0	5.7 ± 0.9	5.8 ± 1.0	0.430
Delayed sternal closure	14 (15.1%)	0 (0.0%)	14 (23.7%)	0.002	n/a
Intraoperative lactate	1.7 ± 0.7	1.6 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 0.7	0.280
Post CPB lactate	3.2 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.6	0.550
Tranexamic acid (mg/kg)	233.0 ± 40.8	234.4 ± 58.6	232.1 ± 26.0	0.790
Post CPB PRC (ml)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.290
Post CPB salvaged blood (ml/kg)	22.8 (14.5–35.7)	17.1 (14.3–27.4)	29.6 (15.5–41.9)	0.007	1.04	1.01–1.08					0.01
post CPB FFP (ml/kg)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.450
Post CPB cryoprecipitate (ml/kg)	7.8 (0.0–13.6)	5.2 (0.0–8.6)	8.3 (0.0–17.8)	0.014	1.09	1.02–1.16					0.01
Post CPB platelet (ml/kg)	19.8 (14.3–30.3)	18.5 (13.9–22.2)	22.5 (14.3–33.3)	0.043	1.04	1.01–1.08					0.03
Post-CPB transfused volume (ml/kg)	54.0 (36.2–74.2)	41.2 (34.4–55.0)	58.5 (42.3–86.2)	0.002	1.03	1.01	1.05	0.009
Post CPB epinephrine use	58 (62.4%)	20 (58.8%)	38 (64.4%)	0.660
Postoperative data, outcomes
Mechanical ventilation (hour)	66.8 (41.7–94.5)	33.5 (24.8–42.9)	90.3 (68.6–124.8)	<0.001
ICU length-of-stay (hour)	190.3 (141.6–249.8)	149.4 (118.2–183.6)	225.9 (174.7–323.7)	<0.001
Respiratory complications	10 (11.5%)	4 (13.3%)	6 (10.5%)	0.730
Postoperative infection (any)	7 (7.5%)	3 (8.8%)	4 (6.8%)	0.700
Pacemaker insertion	29 (31.2%)	10 (29.4%)	19 (32.2%)	0.820
Fluid balance POD0 (ml/kg)	3.2 (−9.7–18.4)	4.6 (−2.2–14.3)	2.6 (−12.7–20.3)	0.600
Fluid balance POD1 (ml/kg)	−5.2 (−44.8–30.6)	−30.5 (−50.3–12.0)	5.6 (−32.8–42.7)	0.024	1.00	1.00–1.01		0.03
Fluid balance POD2 (ml/kg)	−50.9 (−80.6-−28.2)	−44.2 (−75.3-−27.4)	−53.4 (−103.9-−31.9)	0.290
PRC transfusion on POD0	16 (17.2%)	5 (14.7%)	11 (18.6%)	0.780
PRC transfusion on POD1	15 (16.1%)	2 (5.9%)	13 (22.0%)	0.046	4.52	0.95–21.42		0.06
Postoperative to 24hr minimum Hb (g/dL)	13.4 (12.5–14.4)	14.0 (13.3–14.6)	13.0 (12.2–14.0)	0.004	0.67	0.49–0.92		0.01
24 to 48hr minimum (g/dL)	13.5 (11.7–14.7)	13.4 (11.7–14.4)	13.7 (11.6–14.9)	0.670
Thromboelastogram data
Angle
Rewarm	55.1 (50.1–62.2)	54.0 (49.8–63.3)	55.4 (50.4–61.6)	0.980
ICU admission	64.0 (49.9–71.1)	58.1 (49.5–70.5)	64.8 (53.2–71.4)	0.370
POD1	70.5 (66.7–74.2)	70.4 (62.7–72.6)	70.9 (66.9–75.1)	0.190
Reaction (R)
Rewarm	3.5 (2.8–5.1)	3.8 (2.8–5.1)	3.3 (2.8–5.0)	0.470
ICU admission	2.0 (1.3–4.6)	2.1 (1.3–6.7)	1.9 (1.2–4.5)	0.650
POD1	1.3 (1.1–1.8)	1.5 (1.2–5.2)	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	0.051
Maximum amplitude (MA)	45.7 (40.1–53.3)	47.0 (40.2–56.4)	45.4 (40.1–51.0)	0.300
Rewarm
ICU admission	52.2 (40.0–63.4)	45.1 (40.0–61.9)	54.8 (40.0–64.7)	0.250
POD1	66.5 (60.9–73.3)	62.6 (58.5–69.0)	67.6 (61.6–73.6)	0.060
Clotting (K)
Rewarm	6.9 (5.8–8.8)	6.6 (5.7–8.3)	7.2 (5.9–9.3)	0.360
ICU admission	6.3 (5.3–7.5)	5.9 (4.5–7.5)	6.7 (5.6–7.9)	0.200
POD1	6.5 (5.5–7.2)	5.9 (2.1–7.0)	6.7 (5.6–7.4)	0.097
Respiratory variables
P/F ratios
Intraoperative	55.9 (49.1–65.9)	53.8 (48.6–61.2)	57.7 (49.7–68.3)	0.087
Post CPB	198.0 (113.0–313.0)	188.0 (111.0–306.0)	216.0 (113.0–344.0)	0.630
ICU admission	255.0 (167.5–348.0)	197.0 (164.0–302.0)	271.5 (191.0–380.0)	0.029	1.00	1.00–1.01		0.03
6-hour	303.0 (251.0–368.5)	285.5 (252.0–380.0)	313.0 (245.0–360.0)	0.650
12-hour	335.0 (253.0–413.0)	341.5 (272.5–424.5)	303.0 (246.0–413.0)	0.410
24-hour	350.0 (271.0–410.0)	395.0 (310.0–420.0)	329.0 (255.5–386.5)	0.021	0.99	0.98–1.00		0.02
48-hour	347.5 (273.0–404.0)		347.5 (273.0–404.0)
P/F ratio <300
ICU admission	58 (63.0%)	25 (73.5%)	33 (56.9%)	0.120
6-hour	42 (47.7%)	19 (55.9%)	23 (42.6%)	0.280
12-hour	37 (43.5%)	11 (34.4%)	26 (49.1%)	0.260
24-hour	26 (34.7%)	2 (10.5%)	24 (42.9%)	0.012	6.38	1.34–30.27		0.02
48-hour	16 (33.3%)		16 (33.3%)
P/F ratio <200
ICU admission	33 (35.9%)	18 (52.9%)	15 (25.9%)	0.013	0.31	0.13–0.76		0.01
6-hour	10 (11.4%)	4 (11.8%)	6 (11.1%)	1.000
12-hour	9 (10.6%)	3 (9.4%)	6 (11.3%)	1.000
24-hour	6 (8.0%)	0 (0.0%)	6 (10.7%)	0.330
48-hour	2 (4.2%)		2 (4.2%)
Oxygenation index
ICU admission	3.6 (2.5–5.5)	4.1 (3.1–5.9)	3.3 (2.3–4.7)	0.067
6-hour	3.0 (2.2–3.7)	3.1 (2.1–3.5)	2.9 (2.3–3.7)	0.860
12-hour	2.3 (1.8–3.4)	2.1 (1.8–3.0)	2.6 (1.9–3.7)	0.200
24-hour	2.3 (2.0–3.2)	2.2 (1.9–2.5)	2.5 (2.0–3.4)	0.073
48-hour	2.6 (2.0–3.1)		2.6 (2.0–3.1)
Oxygen saturation index
ICU admission	5.0 (4.0–6.9)	4.7 (3.6–5.6)	5.1 (4.2–8.0)	0.088
6-hour	3.6 (3.2–4.4)	3.6 (3.2–4.1)	3.7 (3.2–4.4)	0.380
12-hour	3.2 (2.8–3.7)	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	3.2 (2.8–4.0)	0.160
24-hour	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	3.2 (2.5–3.6)	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	0.740
48-hour	3.2 (2.7–3.6)		3.2 (2.7–3.6)

Note: data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR); OR, crude odds ratio

Abbreviations: CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; PRC, packed red cells; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; POD, postoperative day; Hb, hemoglobin; P/F ratio, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio