TABLE 2.

Meta‐analytic estimates of adjusted personality–dementia diagnosis and neuropathology associations.

	Incident dementia diagnosis	Braak stage	CERAD	Lewy body disease	Gross cerebral infarcts	Gross cerebral microinfarcts	Cerebral atherosclerosis	Cerebral amyloid angiopathy	Arteriosclerosis	Hippocampal sclerosis	TDP‐43
Trait	OR [CI]	b [CI]	b [CI]	OR [CI]	OR [CI]	OR [CI]	b [CI]	b [CI]	b [CI]	OR [CI]	OR [CI]
None
Extraversion	0.95 [0.92, 0.99]	−0.01 [−0.28, 0.15]	−0.03 [−0.10, 0.03]	1.01 [0.91, 1.14]	1.03 [0.70, 1.99]	0.96 [0.83, 1.08]	0.01 [−0.06, 0.09]	0.02 [−0.04, 0.07]	−0.01 [−0.07, 0.09]	0.96 [0.82, 1.16]	1.00 [0.79, 1.22]
Agreeableness	0.96 [0.92, 1.01]	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.09]	−0.02 [−0.29, 0.22]	0.99 [0.76, 1.37]	1.15 [0.42, 3.24]	1.09 [0.61, 1.74]	−0.01 [−0.19, 0.16]	0.00 [−0.32, 0.20]	−0.00 [−0.38, 0.17]	1.00 [0.61, 1.62]	0.98 [0.68, 1.50]
Conscientiousness	0.86 [0.83, 0.90]	−0.05 [−0.14, 0.02]	0.03 [−0.07, 0.14]	0.99 [0.81, 1.32]	1.01 [0.64, 1.92]	1.05 [0.83, 1.35]	0.00 [−0.05, 0.07]	0.02 [−0.06, 0.13]	−0.02 [−0.09, 0.04]	1.05 [0.85, 1.35]	1.01 [0.87, 1.21]
Neuroticism	1.12 [1.07, 1.16]	0.04 [−0.11, 0.31]	−0.01 [−0.11, 0.09]	1.00 [0.77, 1.16]	1.13 [0.67, 2.31]	0.99 [0.85, 1.13]	0.02 [−0.05, 0.09]	0.01 [−0.07, 0.08]	0.01 [−0.07, 0.10]	1.03 [0.87, 1.21]	1.03 [0.88, 1.20]
Openness to experience	0.95 [0.90, 1.00]	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.08]	−0.03 [−0.21, 0.15]	1.03 [0.77, 1.32]	1.09 [0.37, 3.15]	0.94 [0.69, 1.43]	−0.03 [−0.26, 0.12]	−0.06 [−0.19, 0.15]	−0.05 [−0.42, 0.25]	1.03 [0.75, 1.50]	1.02 [0.76, 1.39]
Positive affect	0.93 [0.87, 0.99]	−0.05 [−0.36, 0.18]	0.00 [−0.26, 0.17]	1.01 [0.67, 1.45]	1.07 [0.80, 1.83]	1.02 [0.74, 1.45]	0.01 [−0.15, 0.15]	0.03 [−0.12, 0.19]	−0.01 [−0.18, 0.18]	1.09 [0.72, 1.70]	1.05 [0.71, 1.54]
Negative affect	1.14 [1.00, 1.27]	−0.11 [−1.65, 1.09]	−0.09 [−1.26, 1.01]	1.04 [0.33, 3.79]	1.02 [0.26, 4.16]	1.14 [0.24, 4.75]	0.00 [−1.30, 1.12]	−0.01 [−1.28, 1.19]	−0.08 [−1.32, 1.09]	1.16 [0.26, 8.64]	1.03 [0.26, 4.26]
Satisfaction with life	0.93 [0.85, 1.01]	0.01 [−0.29, 0.31]	−0.00 [−0.26, 0.23]	1.05 [0.78, 1.47]	1.15 [0.69, 2.22]	1.10 [0.74, 2.08]	0.02 [−0.20, 0.20]	0.001 [−0.35, 0.35]	0.00 [−0.28, 0.28]	0.79 [0.40, 2.17]	1.22 [0.85, 1.90]
Age
Extraversion	1.00 [1.00, 1.01]	0.001 [−0.01, 0.01]	−0.000 [−0.01, 0.01]	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	1.01 [0.93, 1.09]	1.00 [0.99, 1.02]	−0.000 [−0.00, 0.00]	−0.000 [−0.01, 0.01]	0.000 [−0.01, 0.01]	1.01 [0.99, 1.02]	0.99 [0.98, 1.01]
Agreeableness	1.00 [1.00, 1.01]	−0.00 [−0.02, 0.01]	−0.01 [−0.06, 0.03]	1.00 [0.95, 1.04]	0.95 [0.79, 1.29]	1.00 [0.94, 1.07]	−0.00 [−0.06, 0.03]	−0.01 [−0.04, 0.04]	−0.00 [−0.05, 0.04]	0.97 [0.93, 1.01]	1.00 [0.92, 1.07]
Conscientiousness	1.01 [1.00, 1.01]	−0.001 [−0.01, 0.01]	0.001 [−0.01, 0.01]	1.00 [0.99, 1.02]	1.01 [0.94, 1.08]	1.00 [0.99, 1.02]	0.001 [−0.00, 0.01]	−0.00 [−0.01, 0.00]	0.000 [−0.01, 0.01]	1.01 [0.99, 1.03]	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]
Neuroticism	1.00 [0.99, 1.00]	0.00 [−0.01, 0.01]	−0.00 [−0.01, 0.01]	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	1.02 [0.95, 1.08]	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	0.001 [−0.01, 0.01]	0.00 [−0.00, 0.01]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.01]	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]
Openness to experience	1.00 [1.00, 1.01]	0.01 [−0.02, 0.06]	−0.01 [−0.06, 0.02]	0.99 [0.97, 1.02]	0.98 [0.68, 1.23]	1.00 [0.95, 1.06]	0.00 [−0.03, 0.03]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.02]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.02]	1.02 [0.98, 1.06]	0.99 [0.93, 1.06]
Positive affect	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.03]	−0.00 [−0.07, 0.04]	0.99 [0.92, 1.06]	1.01 [0.96, 1.08]	0.99 [0.92, 1.06]	0.00 [−0.03, 0.04]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.03]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.03]	1.01 [0.92, 1.12]	1.05 [0.94, 1.16]
Negative affect	1.00 [0.99, 1.00]	−0.01 [−0.68, 0.64]	0.11 [−0.32, 0.41]	1.07 [0.76, 1.74]	1.00 [0.55, 1.69]	1.01 [0.63, 1.73]	−0.03 [−0.38, 0.35]	−0.02 [−0.50, 0.35]	−0.02 [−0.38, 0.24]	1.07 [0.70, 2.04]	0.95 [0.63, 1.75]
Satisfaction with life	1.00 [1.00, 1.01]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.03]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.04]	1.00 [0.94, 1.05]	1.02 [0.98, 1.06]	0.99 [0.93, 1.06]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.03]	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.05]	0.001 [−0.03, 0.04]	1.04 [0.92, 1.13]	0.99 [0.94, 1.06]
Gender
Extraversion	0.95 [0.89, 1.01]	0.01 [−0.10, 0.11]	−0.15 [−0.56, 0.18]	1.08 [0.75, 1.58]	1.04 [0.60, 2.25]	0.95 [0.70, 1.32]	−0.04 [−0.14, 0.05]	−0.01 [−0.17, 0.13]	−0.07 [−0.21, 0.09]	0.94 [0.71, 1.24]	0.95 [0.73, 1.23]
Agreeableness	0.99 [0.92, 1.08]	0.09 [−0.16, 0.26]	−0.04 [−0.63, 0.54]	1.12 [0.68, 1.99]	1.09 [0.21, 5.54]	0.92 [0.40, 2.36]	−0.05 [−0.59, 0.38]	−0.02 [−0.52, 0.43]	0.01 [−0.48, 0.94]	0.85 [0.49, 1.65]	0.89 [0.49, 1.79]
Conscientiousness	0.99 [0.93, 1.07]	−0.05 [−0.23, 0.06]	−0.02 [−0.16, 0.19]	0.96 [0.51, 1.24]	1.23 [0.65, 2.85]	0.98 [0.71, 1.31]	0.01 [−0.11, 0.13]	−0.000 [−0.14, 0.13]	−0.01 [−0.19, 0.18]	1.12 [0.77, 1.64]	0.91 [0.71, 1.17]
Neuroticism	1.01 [0.94, 1.07]	−0.01 [−0.13, 0.10]	−0.01 [−0.21, 0.23]	0.92 [0.65, 1.30]	0.96 [0.53, 2.03]	0.95 [0.73, 1.25]	−0.01 [−0.17, 0.14]	0.00 [−0.21, 0.15]	−0.24 [−0.85, 0.12]	1.03 [0.75, 1.41]	0.97 [0.76, 1.23]
Openness to experience	1.00 [0.92, 1.11]	−0.03 [−0.21, 0.19]	−0.01 [−0.55, 0.45]	1.18 [0.73, 2.29]	1.07 [0.31, 5.22]	0.91 [0.37, 1.88]	−0.03 [−0.32, 0.31]	0.001 [−0.34, 0.40]	−0.04 [−0.48, 0.54]	0.75 [0.43, 1.58]	1.07 [0.57, 2.04]
Positive affect	1.03 [0.94, 1.13]	−0.01 [−0.54, 0.51]	−0.001 [−0.70, 0.53]	0.85 [0.21, 2.65]	0.67 [0.11, 3.03]	1.52 [0.44, 7.49]	−0.05 [−0.55, 0.38]	−0.02 [−0.67, 0.53]	−0.01 [−0.48, 0.59]	0.81 [0.23, 2.59]	0.67 [0.19, 1.90]
Negative affect	0.92 [0.73, 1.06]	−0.03 [−2.04, 2.54]	−0.04 [−2.10, 1.95]	0.94 [0.12, 8.11]	0.90 [0.18, 5.48]	0.75 [0.08, 5.91]	0.18 [−1.91, 2.35]	−0.05 [−2.08, 1.87]	0.06 [−1.93, 1.64]	1.36 [0.12, 10.75]	1.21 [0.15, 9.81]
Satisfaction with life	0.98 [0.91, 1.08]	0.05 [−0.77, 0.68]	−0.17 [−1.12, 0.76]	0.94 [0.26, 2.57]	0.80 [0.13, 3.06]	1.49 [0.38, 7.58]	0.02 [−0.61, 0.52]	0.04 [−0.52, 0.51]	0.06 [−0.42, 0.57]	1.19 [0.25, 5.23]	0.82 [0.17, 2.59]
Education
Extraversion	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.01]	0.01 [−0.01, 0.03]	0.98 [0.90, 1.04]	1.01 [0.91, 1.15]	1.01 [0.96, 1.07]	−0.001 [−0.02, 0.02]	−0.001 [−0.02, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.02]	1.00 [0.96, 1.05]	0.99 [0.96, 1.03]
Agreeableness	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.02]	0.01 [−0.07, 0.11]	1.00 [0.94, 1.06]	0.97 [0.65, 1.39]	1.02 [0.84, 1.24]	0.00 [−0.06, 0.05]	−0.01 [−0.09, 0.06]	−0.02 [−0.08, 0.06]	0.96 [0.83, 1.09]	1.01 [0.90, 1.13]
Conscientiousness	0.99 [0.98, 1.00]	0.00 [−0.01, 0.02]	0.01 [−0.02, 0.03]	0.98 [0.91, 1.05]	1.04 [0.93, 1.29]	1.00 [0.96, 1.03]	−0.000 [−0.02, 0.01]	0.000 [−0.02, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.01, 0.02]	0.98 [0.93, 1.04]	0.99 [0.94, 1.02]
Neuroticism	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.01]	−0.000 [−0.02, 0.02]	1.00 [0.96, 1.04]	0.99 [0.88, 1.16]	0.98 [0.88, 1.05]	−0.00 [−0.02, 0.01]	−0.00 [−0.02, 0.02]	−0.01 [−0.03, 0.01]	1.02 [0.96, 1.09]	1.00 [0.96, 1.04]
Openness to experience	1.00 [0.99, 1.02]	−0.01 [−0.04, 0.02]	0.001 [−0.09, 0.08]	1.00 [0.95, 1.08]	0.96 [0.64, 1.29]	0.93 [0.66, 1.18]	−0.01 [−0.06, 0.05]	0.000 [−0.07, 0.08]	−0.001 [−0.07, 0.07]	0.97 [0.87, 1.12]	0.97 [0.89, 1.07]
Positive affect	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.01 [−0.10, 0.06]	0.001 [−0.12, 0.10]	0.89 [0.57, 1.30]	1.01 [0.86, 1.20]	1.01 [0.89, 1.20]	0.00 [−0.08, 0.10]	0.01 [−0.07, 0.11]	0.04 [−0.08, 0.15]	1.00 [0.83, 1.29]	1.03 [0.84, 1.20]
Negative affect	1.00 [0.98, 1.03]	−0.09 [−1.43, 1.05]	−0.17 [−1.48, 0.98]	1.12 [0.33, 10.09]	0.98 [0.30, 2.95]	1.08 [0.34, 3.63]	−0.02 [−1.10, 0.94]	−0.04 [−1.07, 0.99]	0.03 [−1.08, 1.31]	1.11 [0.36, 4.38]	1.01 [0.37, 2.95]
Satisfaction with life	1.00 [0.99, 1.01]	−0.00 [−0.09, 0.10]	−0.01 [−0.14, 0.09]	0.97 [0.79, 1.24]	1.00 [0.84, 1.20]	1.03 [0.83, 1.37]	−0.000 [−0.13, 0.12]	0.00 [−0.16, 0.16]	0.00 [−0.09, 0.09]	0.99 [0.48, 1.67]	0.99 [0.84, 1.17]
Cognition
Extraversion	1.00 [0.98, 1.03]	0.00 [−0.04, 0.04]	0.01 [−0.04, 0.05]	0.95 [0.90, 1.00]	1.01 [0.82, 1.26]	0.97 [0.90, 1.03]	−0.01 [−0.03, 0.01]	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.03, 0.03]	1.04 [0.95, 1.13]	1.02 [0.95, 1.10]
Agreeableness	1.00 [0.97, 1.05]	0.01 [−0.09, 0.09]	0.02 [−0.08, 0.19]	0.96 [0.86, 1.08]	0.94 [0.59, 1.55]	0.94 [0.81, 1.09]	−0.01 [−0.12, 0.07]	−0.00 [−0.10, 0.11]	−0.01 [−0.12, 0.13]	1.11 [0.93, 1.36]	1.06 [0.84, 1.28]
Conscientiousness	0.99 [0.93, 1.05]	−0.01 [−0.04, 0.02]	0.01 [−0.04, 0.05]	0.95 [0.90, 1.01]	0.97 [0.80, 1.18]	1.00 [0.90, 1.09]	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.03]	0.001 [−0.03, 0.03]	−0.000 [−0.03, 0.03]	1.04 [0.93, 1.17]	0.97 [0.88, 1.04]
Neuroticism	1.01 [0.99, 1.03]	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.03]	0.00 [−0.05, 0.05]	1.01 [0.94, 1.08]	1.01 [0.84, 1.27]	0.98 [0.92, 1.06]	0.02 [−0.01, 0.05]	−0.000 [−0.05, 0.04]	0.02 [−0.03, 0.08]	0.95 [0.86, 1.05]	0.97 [0.91, 1.05]
Openness to experience	0.99 [0.96, 1.04]	0.000 [−0.06, 0.06]	−0.05 [−0.18, 0.14]	0.97 [0.82, 1.08]	0.99 [0.68, 1.45]	0.97 [0.83, 1.19]	−0.04 [−0.26, 0.05]	0.01 [−0.11, 0.08]	−0.01 [−0.09, 0.06]	0.96 [0.81, 1.15]	1.07 [0.88, 1.43]
Positive affect	0.99 [0.96, 1.02]	−0.02 [−0.16, 0.08]	−0.01 [−0.10, 0.07]	1.05 [0.91, 1.22]	1.05 [0.93, 1.21]	1.02 [0.89, 1.15]	0.01 [−0.08, 0.11]	0.02 [−0.08, 0.11]	0.001 [−0.12, 0.10]	1.10 [0.88, 1.38]	1.03 [0.80, 1.34]
Negative affect	1.01 [0.91, 1.17]	−0.03 [−0.74, 0.59]	−0.11 [−0.88, 0.53]	1.09 [0.42, 2.28]	0.99 [0.41, 2.32]	1.01 [0.39, 2.15]	0.03 [−0.65, 0.78]	−0.07 [−0.86, 0.65]	−0.05 [−0.89, 0.72]	1.34 [0.52, 5.63]	0.88 [0.44, 2.31]
Satisfaction with life	1.00 [0.97, 1.04]	−0.03 [−0.18, 0.09]	0.02 [−0.10, 0.16]	1.06 [0.88, 1.33]	1.04 [0.88, 1.24]	1.02 [0.84, 1.30]	−0.000 [−0.11, 0.12]	0.02 [−0.09, 0.13]	0.02 [−0.13, 0.16]	0.91 [0.68, 1.24]	1.01 [0.87, 1.20]

Note: Adjusted models Include age, gender, education, smoking status, alcohol use, and prediction interval. Sections of the table preceded by bold text indicate the moderators that were included in the model. Point estimates indicate the median of the posterior distribution, while interval estimates indicate the 95% credible interval (CI) of the posterior. For binary outcomes, these are exponentiated values to transform log odds to odds ratios. Bold values indicate 95% CIs that do not overlap with zero (before exponentiation for binary outcomes).