Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic, behavior, testing, prophylaxis, and STIs factors associated with HIV late presentation (LP).
| Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic behavior testing prophylaxis and STIs factors associated with HIV late presenter (LP) status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate (N = 312) | |||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Diagnosis Year | ||||
| 2014–2016 | 1 | |||
| 2017–2019 | 1.26 (0.82–1.95) | 0.29 | ||
| Age at diagnosis | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 0.001 | ||
| Age at diagnosis (groups) | ||||
| 18–24 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–34 | 1.18 (0.66–2.14) | 0.58 | 1.59 (0.77–3.43) | 0.2 |
| 35–44 | 2.69 (1.44–5.13) | 0.002 | 3.11 (1.43–7.02) | 0.005 |
| 45–54 | 4.91 (2.12–12) | <0.001 | 7.38 (2.47–24.2) | < 0.001 |
| ≥55 | 1.93 (0.57–6.42) | 0.28 | 2.91 (0.57–14.7) | 0.2 |
| Country of origin | ||||
| Portugal | 1 | |||
| Latin America | 1.16 (0.69–1.94) | 0.56 | ||
| Africa | 1.47 (0.53–4.12) | 0.45 | ||
| Other | 2.58 (0.76–10) | 0.14 | ||
| Migrant status | ||||
| Native | 1 | |||
| Migrant | 1.34 (0.85–2.12) | 0.2 | 1.63 (0.92–2.91) | 0.1 |
| District of residence | ||||
| Lisboa | 1 | 1 | ||
| Porto | 1.21 (0.67–2.18) | 0.53 | 1.4 (0.69–2.83) | 0.3 |
| Faro | 0.87 (0.41–1.76) | 0.7 | 0.65 (0.23–1.69) | 0.4 |
| Setúbal | 0.78 (0.34–1.68) | 0.53 | 0.93 (0.37–2.27) | 0.9 |
| Other | 2.01 (1.06–3.87) | 0.034 | 1.86 (0.81–4.29) | 0.15 |
| School level | ||||
| Third level (up to 9th degree) | 1 | |||
| Secondary (12th degree)/Technical Specialization | 0.89 (0.48–1.63) | 0.69 | ||
| Higher education (bachelor, master, PhD) | 0.83 (0.45–1.54) | 0.56 | ||
| Current occupation | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unemployed | 1.62 (0.91–2.89) | 0.1 | 1.82 (0.71–4.81) | 0.2 |
| Other | 0.75 (0.33–1.63) | 0.48 | 0.77 (0.21–2.44) | 0.7 |
| Current income | ||||
| Insufficient (≤500€) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Minimum wage (501–1,000€) | 1.33 (0.73–2.46) | 0.36 | 1.98 (0.85–4.84) | 0.12 |
| Average (1001–2000€) | 1.71 (0.86–3.43) | 0.13 | 2.99 (1.15–8.19) | 0.028 |
| Above average (>2000€) | 2.66 (1.01–7.22) | 0.049 | 3.53 (1.03–12.5) | 0.047 |
| Behaviors | ||||
| Sexual partners | ||||
| Men | 1 | 1 | ||
| Men and women | 1.64 (0.88–3.06) | 0.12 | 1.03 (0.45–2.35) | >0.9 |
| Meets sexual partners in coffee shops/bars/Discos | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 0.41 | ||
| Meets sexual partners in saunas | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) | 0.77 | ||
| Meets sexual partners in cruising circuits | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.49–1.34) | 0.42 | ||
| Meets sexual partners online | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.78 (0.5–1.23) | 0.29 | ||
| Meets sexual partners in mobile apps | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.9 (0.57–1.43) | 0.65 | ||
| Unprotected anal sex (last 12 months) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.54–1.34) | 0.48 | ||
| Unprotected insertive anal sex (last 12 months) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.47–1.81) | 0.79 | ||
| Unprotected receptive anal sex (last 12 months) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.36–1.82) | 0.59 | ||
| Unprotected anal or vaginal sex with a woman (last 12 months) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.48–1.62) | 0.71 | ||
| Condom use in trios/group sex (last 12 months) | ||||
| Didn’t have sex in group | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.77 (0.46–1.27) | 0.31 | ||
| No | 0.79 (0.43–1.41) | 0.42 | ||
| Asked steady partner his serologic status for HIV (Last unprotected sex) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.5–1.44) | 0.55 | ||
| Asked occasional partner his serologic status for HIV (Last unprotected sex) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.12 (0.55–2.24) | 0.76 | ||
| Consumed alcohol in unprotected sex | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) | 0.46 | ||
| ChemSex in unprotected sex | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.41–1.23) | 0.23 | ||
| Testing and Prophylaxis | ||||
| HIV testing frequency | ||||
| More than once per year | 1 | 1 | ||
| Once per year | 1.27 (0.78–2.07) | 0.34 | 1.41 (0.79–2.53) | 0.2 |
| Never got tested | 2.72 (1.56–4.8) | <0.001 | 4.08 (1.96–8.78) | <0.001 |
| Pre–exposure prophylaxis (ever) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.66 (0.58–4.84) | 0.34 | ||
| Do not know what it is | 1.18 (0.59–2.31) | 0.64 | ||
| Post–exposure prophylaxis (ever) | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.59 (0.68–3.78) | 0.28 | ||
| Do not know what it is | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) | 0.49 | ||
| STIs | ||||
| STI ever diagnosed | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.57 (1.03–2.39) | 0.036 | 1.68 (1.01–2.81) | 0.046 |