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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2023 Jul 13;235:116651. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116651

Table 2.

Linear associations between log-transformed serum PFAS and liver function biomarkers, NHANES 2003–2016 a,b

Unadjusted Model 1 c Model 2 d
β 95% CI P β 95% CI P β 95% CI P
ALT PFOA 1.09 0.74 1.43 <0.0001 0.70 0.36 1.04 <0.0001 0.87 0.49 1.25 <0.0001
PFOS 0.49 0.21 0.78 <0.0001 0.19 −0.09 0.46 0.18 0.23 −0.11 0.57 0.19
PFHxS 0.92 0.64 1.19 <0.0001 0.50 0.21 0.79 0.0008 0.62 0.33 0.92 <0.0001
PFNA 0.82 0.39 1.25 <0.0001 0.53 0.14 0.93 0.01 0.66 0.25 1.08 0.002
PFDA 0.09 −0.26 0.45 <0.0001 0.00 0.34 0.34 0.99 0.19 −0.15 0.53 0.27
AST PFOA 0.71 0.39 1.02 <0.0001 0.51 0.16 0.86 0.005 0.65 0.23 1.08 0.003
PFOS 0.17 −0.05 0.40 0.13 −0.07 −0.31 0.16 0.54 −0.13 −0.44 0.17 0.38
PFHxS 0.51 0.28 0.75 <0.0001 0.28 0.02 0.53 0.03 0.32 0.05 0.59 0.02
PFNA 0.35 −0.002 0.71 0.05 0.18 −0.19 0.55 0.005 0.22 −0.19 0.63 0.29
PFDA −0.02 −0.33 0.28 0.89 −0.11 −0.42 0.21 0.50 −0.08 −0.42 0.26 0.63
ALP PFOA −0.02 −0.60 0.56 0.96 −0.04 −0.70 0.62 0.91 −0.52 −1.22 0.18 0.15
PFOS 0.19 −0.29 0.67 0.43 −0.17 −0.73 0.38 0.53 −0.77 −1.44 −0.09 0.03
PFHxS −0.17 −0.55 0.20 0.37 −0.43 −0.84 −0.01 0.04 −0.47 −0.86 −0.08 0.02
PFNA −0.09 −0.77 0.59 0.79 −0.31 −1.03 0.41 0.39 −0.40 −1.12 0.33 0.28
PFDA −0.73 −1.34 −0.12 0.02 −0.92 −1.55 −0.30 0.004 −0.92 −1.53 −0.32 0.003
GGT PFOA 1.81 0.70 2.92 0.002 1.36 0.14 2.58 0.03 1.63 −0.06 3.32 0.06
PFOS 0.23 −0.61 1.07 0.59 −0.60 −1.44 0.23 0.16 −0.99 −2.23 0.24 0.11
PFHxS 0.27 −0.41 0.95 0.43 −0.41 −1.25 0.44 0.35 −0.33 −1.29 0.63 0.49
PFNA 1.23 0.05 2.41 0.04 0.54 −0.75 1.82 0.41 0.72 −0.80 2.24 0.35
PFDA 0.11 −0.82 1.03 0.82 −0.34 −1.29 0.61 0.48 −0.08 −1.17 1.01 0.88
TB PFOA 0.06 0.05 0.06 <0.0001 0.04 0.03 0.05 <0.0001 0.016 0.008 0.024 0.0001
PFOS 0.04 0.04 0.05 <0.0001 0.03 0.03 0.04 <0.0001 0.006 0.000 0.013 0.05
PFHxS 0.04 0.03 0.05 <0.0001 0.02 0.02 0.03 <0.0001 0.014 0.008 0.021 <0.0001
PFNA 0.04 0.03 0.05 <0.0001 0.03 0.03 0.04 <0.0001 0.014 0.007 0.022 0.0003
PFDA 0.04 0.03 0.04 <0.0001 0.03 0.02 0.04 <0.0001 0.011 0.003 0.018 0.007
a:

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)

b:

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TB)

c:

Adjusted for age, age2, gender and race/ethnicity

d:

Adjusted for age, age2, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, poverty income ratio, education level, smoking status and survey cycle