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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2023 Jul 13;235:116651. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116651

Table 4.

Linear associations between log-transformed serum PFAS and liver function biomarkers, stratified by alcohol consumption, NHANES 2003–2016 a,b,c

ALT AST ALP GGT TB
β 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI
PFOA Missing 0.93 0.45 1.41 0.71 0.32 1.09 −0.83 −2.43 0.76 −0.23 −1.42 0.96 0.017 0.002 0.031
Non-drinker 0.41 −0.38 1.21 0.39 −0.11 0.90 −1.07 −2.55 0.41 0.68 −1.62 2.98 0.020 0.006 0.035
Light 1.05 0.49 1.62 0.85 0.00 1.70 0.21 −0.85 1.28 2.62 −1.38 6.62 0.009 −0.005 0.022
Moderate 0.92 −0.50 2.34 0.31 −1.04 1.66 −0.74 −2.16 0.68 2.11 −0.65 4.87 0.008 −0.011 0.028
Heavy −0.08 −1.96 1.81 0.12 −1.06 1.30 −0.56 −2.23 1.11 1.16 −3.37 5.69 0.033 0.010 0.057
p for interaction 0.73 0.68 0.0026 0.31 0.45
PFOS Missing 1.00 0.55 1.46 0.56 0.17 0.96 −0.74 −2.12 0.64 −0.38 −1.33 0.57 0.013 0.001 0.024
Non-drinker 0.27 −0.44 0.97 0.12 −0.31 0.54 −1.21 −2.32 −0.09 0.34 −1.50 2.18 0.006 −0.005 0.017
Light 0.01 −0.48 0.50 −0.29 −0.82 0.24 −0.43 −1.62 0.75 −1.31 −3.47 0.86 −0.001 −0.013 0.011
Moderate −0.75 −2.29 0.79 −1.30 −2.86 0.26 −1.07 −2.41 0.28 −1.08 −3.65 1.50 0.003 −0.015 0.020
Heavy 0.59 −0.72 1.90 −0.03 −0.85 0.79 −0.41 −2.42 1.60 −4.15 −13.31 5.01 0.014 −0.009 0.037
p for interaction 0.28 0.14 0.07 0.97 0.99
PFHxS Missing 0.88 0.51 1.25 0.45 0.19 0.71 −1.45 −2.41 −0.49 −0.56 −1.35 0.23 0.012 0.000 0.024
Non-drinker 0.55 −0.01 1.12 0.37 −0.03 0.77 −0.30 −1.21 0.61 0.31 −0.96 1.58 0.009 −0.005 0.022
Light 0.77 0.30 1.25 0.45 −0.08 0.99 0.08 −0.57 0.73 0.08 −0.64 0.80 0.008 −0.002 0.018
Moderate 0.37 −0.41 1.16 −0.19 −0.95 0.58 −0.38 −1.44 0.69 0.28 −1.22 1.78 0.013 0.001 0.025
Heavy −0.04 −1.23 1.14 0.26 −0.55 1.08 −1.04 −3.06 0.98 −4.95 −15.38 5.47 0.039 0.011 0.067
p for interaction 0.98 0.96 0.07 0.10 0.0064
PFNA Missing 0.47 −0.07 1.01 0.23 −0.27 0.72 0.09 −1.22 1.39 −0.39 −1.81 1.03 0.014 0.002 0.026
Non-drinker 0.37 −0.39 1.14 0.09 −0.33 0.50 −1.35 −2.65 −0.05 −0.02 −1.73 1.69 0.013 −0.001 0.027
Light 0.61 −0.12 1.34 0.36 −0.46 1.19 0.25 −0.93 1.43 2.20 −0.82 5.21 0.008 −0.004 0.020
Moderate 0.55 −0.56 1.67 −0.17 −1.18 0.84 −1.31 −2.49 −0.12 1.17 −1.39 3.73 0.000 −0.017 0.016
Heavy 0.63 −0.72 1.98 −0.39 −1.68 0.90 −0.58 −3.15 1.99 −5.38 −15.58 4.83 0.037 0.013 0.060
p for interaction 0.87 0.87 0.04 0.55 0.80
PFDA Missing 0.30 −0.22 0.82 0.06 −0.35 0.47 −0.13 −1.50 1.25 0.00 −1.16 1.16 0.010 −0.003 0.023
Non-drinker −0.29 −0.87 0.29 −0.07 −0.48 0.34 −1.53 −2.59 −0.47 −0.49 −1.64 0.67 0.008 −0.007 0.022
Light 0.18 −0.37 0.73 0.03 −0.62 0.67 −0.59 −1.46 0.28 0.77 −1.33 2.86 0.006 −0.008 0.020
Moderate 0.12 −1.06 1.30 −0.54 −1.61 0.53 −1.66 −3.22 −0.11 −0.20 −3.02 2.61 0.001 −0.015 0.017
Heavy −0.48 −1.80 0.84 −1.30 −2.25 −0.36 −0.72 −2.39 0.95 −4.28 −10.63 2.07 0.030 0.011 0.048
p for interaction 0.99 0.55 0.08 0.09 0.95
a:

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)

b:

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TB)

c:

Adjusted for age, age2, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, poverty income ratio, education level, smoking status and survey cycle