Table 3. Association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic diseases and infertility in women aged 35–46 years.
| Variables | Fertile matched control (n = 1,551) | Infertile womena (n = 517) | Women with primary infertilitya (n = 301) | Women with Secondary infertilitya (n = 198) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | No. | OR (95% CI)b | No. | OR (95% CI)b | No. | OR (95% CI)b | |||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 368 | 434 | 1.00 | 265 | 1.00 | 152 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 14 | 82 | 4.94 (3.45–8.85) | 35 | 3.24 (2.26–6.14) | 46 | 7.24 (5.06–13.56) | ||
| Former | 3 | 62 | 17.30 (5.39–55.57) | 30 | 13.60 (4.11–45.03) | 32 | 24.60 (7.42–81.55) | ||
| Current | 11 | 20 | 1.46 (0.69–3.09) | 5 | 0.73 (0.25–2.13) | 14 | 2.96 (1.31–6.67) | ||
| Secondhand smoke exposure in workplace | |||||||||
| No | 1,492 | 220 | 1.00 | 122 | 1.00 | 97 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 51 | 205 | 26.53 (18.53–37.19) | 125 | 27.53 (19.23–40.03) | 77 | 22.53 (15.74–33.92) | ||
| Secondhand smoke exposure at home | |||||||||
| No | 1,285 | 353 | 1.00 | 200 | 1.00 | 129 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 259 | 117 | 1.67 (1.17–2.14) | 65 | 1.52 (1.06–2.07) | 52 | 1.92 (1.34–2.72) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
| Non-drinker | 742 | 316 | 1.32 (1.05–1.66) | 188 | 1.32 (1.00–1.75) | 116 | 1.32 (0.93–1.86) | ||
| ≤ 4 glasses a time | 467 | 144 | 1.00 | 85 | 1.00 | 53 | 1.00 | ||
| 5–6 | 57 | 22 | 1.25 (0.74–2.12) | 9 | 0.92 (0.44–1.93) | 13 | 1.92 (0.97–3.77) | ||
| 7+ | 28 | 27 | 3.13 (1.79–5.48) | 14 | 2.69 (1.36–5.32) | 13 | 3.89 (1.90–7.96) | ||
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 1,510 | 504 | 1.00 | 293 | 1.00 | 193 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 36 | 10 | 1.25 (0.20–7.84) | 5 | 1.10 (0.12–9.91) | 5 | 1.37 (0.25–7.69) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
| No | 1,530 | 505 | 1.00 | 294 | 1.00 | 193 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 16 | 5 | 1.04 (0.73–2.85) | 2 | 0.72 (0.50–3.15) | 3 | 1.49 (1.04–5.16) | ||
| Thyroid disease | |||||||||
| No | 1,487 | 489 | 1.00 | 289 | 1.00 | 183 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 60 | 28 | 1.44 (1.00–2.08) | 12 | 1.03 (0.72–1.94) | 15 | 2.00 (1.40–3.59) | ||
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.
aFertile matched control was selected from women aged 35–46 who the Korean Genome and Epidemiology-health examinee study in the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
bOR was calculated using stratified age group, and adjusted for education, and BMI in conditional logistic regression model.