Table 3. Baseline characteristics according to frailty status from the HOWOLD-BP study.
| Characteristics | Robust (n = 1,498) | Prefrail/frail (n = 585) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 72.7 ± 5.36 | 74.6 ± 5.98 | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 811 (54.1) | 190 (32.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Body mass index, m/kg2 | 25.4 ± 2.99 | 25.4 ± 3.59 | 0.867 | |
| Body mass index (category) | 0.171 | |||
| Underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2) | 8 (0.5) | 16 (2.7) | ||
| Normal (18.5 kg/m2 < BMI < 23 kg/m2) | 365 (24.4) | 147 (25.1) | ||
| Overweight (23 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) | 319 (21.3) | 111 (19.0) | ||
| Obesity (25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI) | 806 (53.8) | 311 (53.2) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 136.9 ± 14.93 | 137.8 ± 15.37 | 0.269 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.3 ± 9.38 | 74.7 ± 10.43 | 0.198 | |
| Control of HTN (SBP < 140 & DBP < 90) | 917 (61.2) | 341 (58.3) | 0.220 | |
| Supine SBP, mmHg | 137.4 ± 18.81 | 138.1 ± 16.01 | 0.402 | |
| Supine DBP, mmHg | 76.1 ± 10.42 | 74.8 ± 10.86 | 0.010 | |
| Standing 1 min SBP, mmHg | 137.9 ± 17.95 | 138.6 ± 19.09 | 0.367 | |
| Standing 1 min DBP, mmHg | 78.7 ± 10.02 | 78.7 ± 10.02 | 0.096 | |
| Standing 3 min SBP, mmHg | 138.7 ± 17.35 | 140.6 ± 17.34 | 0.024 | |
| Standing 3 min DBP, mmHg | 78.8 ± 9.99 | 78.0 ± 11.11 | 0.147 | |
| Pulse (/min) | 69.2 ± 13.99 | 70.5 ± 12.10 | 0.043 | |
| WBC,a ×103/μL | 6.4 ± 1.62 | 6.5 ± 1.889 | 0.358 | |
| Hemoglobin,b g/dL | 13.7 ± 1.41 | 13.0 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | |
| Platelet,c ×103/μL | 215.9 ± 53.78 | 221.2 ± 58.53 | 0.056 | |
| Nad | 141.0 ± 2.35 | 140.7 ± 2.46 | 0.012 | |
| Kd | 4.4 ± 0.38 | 4.5 ± 0.44 | 0.003 | |
| Creatinine,e mg/dL | 0.88 ± 0.276 | 0.87 ± 0.308 | 0.562 | |
| BUNf | 17.7 ± 5.87 | 18.6 ± 9.5 | 0.036 | |
| eGFRe | 82.4 ± 15.58 | 78.9 ± 17.87 | < 0.001 | |
| Past medical history | ||||
| Diabetes | 384 (25.6) | 219 (37.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,012 (67.6) | 373 (63.8) | 0.099 | |
| Stroke | 62 (4.1) | 64 (10.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 112 (7.5) | 52 (8.9) | 0.282 | |
| Admission | 889 (59.3) | 424 (72.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Surgery | 729 (48.7) | 310 (53.0) | 0.076 | |
| Coronary revascularization | 287 (19.2) | 123 (21.0) | 0.336 | |
| Cigarette smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-smoker | 875 (58.4) | 460 (78.6) | ||
| Past smoker | 512 (34.2) | 100 (17.1) | ||
| Current smoker | 111 (7.4) | 25 (4.3) | ||
| Alcohol drinking (time/wk) | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 977 (65.2) | 479 (81.9) | ||
| 1 | 265 (17.7) | 72 (12.3) | ||
| 2–3 | 172 (11.5) | 21 (3.6) | ||
| 4+ | 84 (5.6) | 13 (2.2) | ||
| Physical activity | 0.001 | |||
| None | 95 (6.3) | 155 (22.5) | ||
| Active lifestyle with no exercise | 325 (21.7) | 130 (22.2) | ||
| Irregular exercise | 205 (13.7) | 78 (13.3) | ||
| Regular exercise | 873 (58.3) | 222 (37.9) | ||
| Dizziness (yes) | 18 (1.2) | 15 (2.6) | 0.025 | |
| Orthostatic hypotension (yes) | 17 (1.1) | 7 (1.2) | 0.906 | |
| Syncope/AKI/electrolyte imbalance/falls/hypotension (yes) | 59 (3.9) | 44 (7.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Dependent IADL | 18 (1.2) | 44 (7.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Gait speed (m/sec)g | 1.05 ± 0.246 | 0.88 ± 0.280 | < 0.001 | |
| Slow gait speed (≤ 0.8 m/sec)g | 295 (19.8) | 282 (48.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Grip strengthg | 27.2 ± 8.54 | 22.6 ± 7.98 | < 0.001 | |
| Low grip strengthg | 372 (24.9) | 237 (40.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Eq-5D-5Le | 0.959 ± 0.0643 | 0.884 ± 0.1172 | < 0.001 | |
| MoCA-Kh | 25.3 ± 3.65 | 21.9 ± 5.70 | < 0.001 | |
| Cognitive decline (MoCA-K < 23) | 256 (17.2) | 265 (45.5) | < 0.001 | |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
HOWOLD-BP = HOW to Optimize eLDerly systolic BP, BMI = body mass index, HTN = hypertension, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, WBC = white blood cell, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, AKI = acute kidney injury, IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.
a11 patients were missing, b9 patients were missing, c12 patients were missing, d22 patients were missing, e3 patients were missing, f4 patients were missing, g7 patients were missing, h10 patients were missing.