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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Exp Optom. 2023 Sep 19;107(5):544–557. doi: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2243264

Table 3.

Specificity and sensitivity for each method to determine the presence of myopia and astigmatism. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated only once the “do not know” responses were excluded.

Sensitivity Specificity Do not know (%)
Direct method 0.41 0.86 53.2
Lay terms method 0.73 0.68 50.5
Indirect method 0.84 0.53 1.8
Astigmatism 0.65 0.76 40.4