Table 3.
Growing C. zofingiensis in different growth modes for accumulation of carotenoids and lipids [9, 62, 71, 101, 109, 125–127]
| Growth mode | Cost of carbon source | Contamination risk | Two-stage costs | CAPEX/OPEX of lighting | Biomass accumulation | Astaxanthin accumulation (per cell) | Lipid accumulation (per cell) | Time efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phototrophic | None | Low | None | High | Low | Low | Highest | Slow |
| Mixotrophic | High | High | Yes | High | High | Higher | High | Fast |
| Heterotrophic | High | High | Yes | None | High | High | High | Fast |
| Heterotrophic-phototrophic | High | High | Yes | High | High | Highest | n/a | Fast |