Table 4.

Successful conditions for biomass accumulation and stress of C. zofingiensis

Abiotic factor	C. zofingiensis biomass accumulation	Induction of red phase in C. zofingiensis	Reference
Temperature	20–30 °C	24 °C astaxanthin 25–30 °C astaxanthin 28 °C lutein	[9, 67, 93]
pH	5.5–8.5	5.5 astaxanthin 6.8–7.2 lipids and FAMEs High or low extremes	[9, 15, 135]
CO2	1–5%	5%	[9, 10]
Light intensity	250–1000 µmol/m2/s or 28–45µE g-ds/s per cell	High 350 µmol/m2/s 300 µmol/m2/s	[92, 101, 136]