Fig. 5.

Overexpression of GhMPK31 leads to accumulation of H₂O₂ in plants. a T2 generation OM31, IM31 and WT. b Presence of H₂O₂ in cotton leaves visualized by staining with DAB. Oxidized DAB formed a reddish-brown deposition. c H₂O₂ concentration in OM31, IM31 and WT leaves. Error bars represent ± standard errors of three biological replicates. Means ± SE (n = 3). d The relative expression of H₂O₂ related genes is in OM31, IM31 and WT backgrounds. The expression of GhUB7 was used as internal control. Means ± SE (n = 3). Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. ***; p < 0.001. All of the experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results