Table 2.
Left ventricular characteristics and fractal dimension in each phase
| Characteristics | All subjects (n = 200) | Non MACE (n = 163) | MACE (n = 37) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute phase | ||||
| CMR parameters | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 74.6 ± 11.3 | 73.8 ± 11.4 | 78.2 ± 10.6 | 0.03 |
| LVEF (%) | 49.13 ± 11.23 | 49.8 ± 10.58 | 46.21 ± 13.49 | 0.14 |
| LVMi (g/m2) | 64.61 ± 12.23 | 63.76 ± 10.92 | 68.34 ± 16.51 | 0.12 |
| LVEDVi (mL/m2) | 81.22 ± 20.44 | 78.98 ± 16.64 | 91.12 ± 30.66 | 0.03 |
| LVESVi (mL/m2) | 42.54 ± 19.98 | 40.25 ± 14.39 | 52.63 ± 33.85 | 0.04 |
| LVSVi (mL/m2) | 38.68 ± 9.36 | 38.73 ± 9.11 | 38.48 ± 10.52 | 0.90 |
| Infarct size (% of LV) | 26.51 ± 11.71 | 24.51 ± 10.46 | 35.33 ± 12.97 | < 0.001 |
| Infarct transmural extent (%) | 95 (90, 100) | 95 (90, 100) | 100 (95, 100) | 0.12 |
| Edema size (% of LV) | 37.02 ± 13.54 | 36.5 ± 13.57 | 39.32 ± 13.38 | 0.25 |
| LV thrombus, n (%) | 28, 14 | 20, 12.3 | 8, 21.6 | 0.19 |
| LV aneurysm, n (%) | 24, 12 | 20, 12.3 | 4, 10.8 | 0.99 |
| MVO/IMH, n (%) | 130, 65 | 109, 66.9 | 21, 56.8 | 0.24 |
| Papillary infarction, n (%) | 34, (17) | 30 (18.4) | 4 (10.8) | 0.46 |
| FD measures | ||||
| Global FD | 1.253 ± 0.049 | 1.251 ± 0.048 | 1.260 ± 0.052 | 0.35 |
| Infarct area FD | 1.209 ± 0.08 | 1.211 ± 0.079 | 1.199 ± 0.070 | 0.37 |
| Remote area FD | 1.243 ± 0.058 | 1.244 ± 0.058 | 1.236 ± 0.054 | 0.44 |
| Subacute phase | ||||
| CMR parameters | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 67.8 ± 10.7 | 66.9 ± 10.6 | 71.6 ± 10.4 | 0.02 |
| LVEF (%) | 50.35 ± 11.54 | 51.37 ± 10.67 | 45.86 ± 14.08 | 0.03 |
| LVMi (g/m2) | 60.65 ± 12.34 | 59.91 ± 11.19 | 63.92 ± 16.28 | 0.16 |
| LVEDVi (mL/m2) | 82.53 ± 21.85 | 79.46 ± 16.82 | 96.08 ± 33.69 | 0.006 |
| LVESVi (mL/m2) | 42.29 ± 20.28 | 39.29 ± 14.48 | 55.53 ± 33.3 | 0.006 |
| LVSVi (mL/m2) | 40.24 ± 9.09 | 40.17 ± 9.24 | 40.55 ± 8.51 | 0.81 |
| Infarct size (% of LV) | 21.2 ± 10.32 | 19.41 ± 8.97 | 29.09 ± 12.18 | < 0.001 |
| Infarct transmural extent (%) | 95 (75, 100) | 90 (75, 100) | 100 (90, 100) | 0.10 |
| LV thrombus, n (%) | 11, 5.5 | 10, 6.1 | 1, 2.7 | 0.49 |
| LV aneurysm, n (%) | 34, 17 | 26, 15.9 | 8, 21.6 | 0.47 |
| MVO/IMH, n (%) | 80, 40 | 62, 38.0 | 18, 48.6 | 0.26 |
| FD measures | ||||
| Global FD | 1.239 ± 0.046 | 1.244 ± 0.048 | 1.219 ± 0.033 | < 0.001 |
| Infarct area FD | 1.178 ± 0.069 | 1.182 ± 0.071 | 1.16 ± 0.057 | 0.01 |
| Remote area FD | 1.239 ± 0.056 | 1.243 ± 0.056 | 1.219 ± 0.05 | 0.01 |
| ΔGlobal FD | -0.014 ± 0.037 | -0.008 ± 0.034 | -0.041 ± 0.037 | < 0.001 |
| ΔInfarct area FD | -0.031 ± 0.036 | -0.029 ± 0.036 | -0.033 ± 0.036 | 0.15 |
| ΔRemote area FD | -0.003 ± 0.034 | -0.001 ± 0.033 | -0.017 ± 0.035 | 0.01 |
| Chronic phase | ||||
| CMR parameters | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 66.3 ± 11.0 | 65.6 ± 10.7 | 69.2 ± 11.9 | 0.10 |
| LVEF (%) | 50.1 ± 16.01 | 51.31 ± 16.09 | 44.8 ± 14.71 | 0.02 |
| LVMi (g/m2) | 59.62 ± 12.04 | 58.84 ± 10.4 | 63.09 ± 17.29 | 0.16 |
| LVEDVi (mL/m2) | 82.74 ± 22.52 | 79.48 ± 17.65 | 97.11 ± 33.77 | 0.004 |
| LVESVi (mL/m2) | 42.57 ± 22.11 | 39.19 ± 16.06 | 57.5 ± 35.51 | 0.002 |
| LVSVi (mL/m2) | 40.17 ± 9.87 | 40.29 ± 10 | 39.62 ± 9.4 | 0.70 |
| Infarct size (% of LV) | 19.06 ± 9.99 | 17.38 ± 8.65 | 26.48 ± 12.07 | < 0.001 |
| Infarct transmural extent (%) | 95 (75, 100) | 95 (75, 100) | 100 (85, 100) | 0.14 |
| LV thrombus, n (%) | 6, 3 | 5, 3.1 | 1, 2.7 | 0.99 |
| LV aneurysm, n (%) | 35, 17.5 | 26, 15.9 | 9, 24.3 | 0.25 |
| MVO/IMH, n (%) | 33, 16.5 | 27, 16.5 | 6, 16.2 | 0.72 |
| FD measures | ||||
| Global FD | 1.230 ± 0.045 | 1.233 ± 0.047 | 1.216 ± 0.034 | 0.01 |
| Infarct area FD | 1.169 ± 0.068 | 1.174 ± 0.069 | 1.149 ± 0.055 | 0.02 |
| Remote area FD | 1.233 ± 0.057 | 1.237 ± 0.058 | 1.217 ± 0.048 | 0.04 |
| ΔGlobal FD | -0.023 ± 0.047 | -0.018 ± 0.046 | -0.044 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| ΔInfarct area FD | -0.040 ± 0.044 | -0.037 ± 0.044 | -0.040 ± 0.031 | 0.26 |
| ΔRemote area FD | -0.009 ± 0.044 | -0.007 ± 0.045 | -0.019 ± 0.037 | 0.09 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed variables, median and interquartile range (in parentheses) for skewed variables
MACE Major adverse cardiovascular events, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDVi Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, LVESVi Left ventricular end-systolic volume index, LVMi Left ventricular mass index, LVSVi Left ventricular stroke volume index, MVO Microvascular obstruction, IMH Intramyocardial hemorrhage, LVT Left ventricular thrombus, FD Fractal dimension