Table 2.
Topics covered in SSA simulation programs by specific region
| Simulation topics (N = 78) | n | Study references | Region(s) | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resuscitation and airway management | ||||
| Airway management (basics of airway management, intubation, cricothyroidotomy) | 6 | [32, 38, 49, 52–54] | East Africa | 5.5 |
| Resuscitation (primary, secondary, tertiary survey, BLS, CPR) | 8 | [21, 30, 38, 48, 51–54] | West/East Africa | 7.3 |
| Surgical procedures | ||||
| Surgical preparation | ||||
| Surgical equipment sterilization | 1 | [47] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Scrubbing | 1 | [49] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Gowning | 1 | [49] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Gloving | 1 | [49] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Surgical knot tying | 6 | [32, 36, 38, 40, 46, 47] | South/East Africa | 5.5 |
| Patient positioning | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Patient draping | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Patient skin preparation | 1 | [49] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| General surgical procedures | ||||
| Suturing of skin lacerations | 8 | [30–32, 36, 39, 40, 46, 47] | West/East/South Africa | 7.3 |
| Incision and drainage of abscesses | 2 | [30, 38] | West/East Africa | 1.8 |
| Laparotomy/abdominal access and closure | 2 | [32, 49] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Intestinal perforation repair/anastomosis | 3 | [32, 49, 52] | East Africa | 2.7 |
| Haemorrhage control | 3 | [34, 46, 48] | South/East Africa | 2.7 |
| Management of epistaxis | 1 | [46] | Southern Africa | 0.9 |
| Wound debridement | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Excision biopsy for skin lesions | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Core needle breast biopsy | 2 | [38, 39] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Proctoscopy | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Laparoscopic surgery | 1 | [31] | South Africa | 0.9 |
| Neurosurgery procedures | ||||
| Burr hole | 1 | [53] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Craniotomy | 1 | [50] | Central Africa | 0.9 |
| Cardiothoracic surgery procedures | ||||
| Chest tube insertion | 4 | [32, 49, 53, 54] | East Africa | 3.6 |
| Anaesthesia procedures | ||||
| Administration of local anaesthesia | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Inferior dental regional nerve block | 1 | [30] | West Africa | 0.9 |
| Orthopaedics procedures | ||||
| Orthopaedic casting | 5 | [36, 38, 46, 48, 53] | South/East Africa | 4.5 |
| Orthopaedic splinting | 2 | [36, 38] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Dental/oro-maxillofacial surgery procedures | ||||
| Reduction of temporomandibular joint dislocation | 1 | [30] | West Africa | 0.9 |
| Eyelet jaw wiring | 1 | [30] | West Africa | 0.9 |
| Obstetric-gynaecologic procedures | ||||
| Vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery | 1 | [49] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Insertions of subcutaneous contraceptive implants | 1 | [35] | West Africa | 0.9 |
| Trauma | ||||
| Management of polytrauma | 1 | [46] | Southern Africa | 0.9 |
| Focused assessment sonography for trauma (or extended) | 2 | [38, 54] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Urology procedures | ||||
| Suprapubic cystostomy | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Venous access | ||||
| Venous cutdown | 2 | [49, 53] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Interosseus insertion | 1 | [52] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Peripheral intravenous canula placement | 3 | [38, 52, 54] | East Africa | 2.7 |
| Central venous access | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Surgical safety and checklists (quality improvement) | ||||
| WHO surgical safety checklist | 2 | [38, 47] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Obtaining informed consent | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Simulation for nursing procedures | ||||
| Bladder catheterization (Foley’s) | 3 | [32, 36, 38] | East Africa | 2.7 |
| Wound care | 2 | [41, 46] | Southern Africa | 1.8 |
| Nasogastric tube insertion | 2 | [36, 38] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| General nursing interventions | 1 | [51] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Postoperative care | 1 | [51] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Clinical examinations | ||||
| Clinical breast examination | 1 | [42] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Digital rectal examination | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Clinical scenarios | ||||
| Head injury (closed/requiring intubation) | 2 | [38, 54] | East Africa | 1.8 |
| Blunt abdominal trauma in a pregnant woman | 1 | [54] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Gunshot wound to the right chest | 1 | [54] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Burn patient assessment and management | 1 | [38] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Thematic simulation | ||||
| Traumatology | 1 | [48] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Emergency surgery | 1 | [48] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Non-technical skills | ||||
| Team work | 1 | [51] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Inter-professional communication skills | 1 | [52] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Decision-making | 1 | [52] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Time management | 1 | [52] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Patient safety and prescribing | 1 | [52] | East Africa | 0.9 |
| Others | ||||
| Surgical instrument identification | 2 | [32, 38] | East Africa | 1.8 |