Table 3.

Application value of fiber optic sensors in different battery research

Battery type	Embedding position	Function	Refs.
Coin battery	Symmetrically embedded in the middle of the cell	Traverse the battery, can be installed at any position; especially suitable for embedding at the most active electrochemical location	[99, 139]
Swagelok battery	Symmetrically embedded in the middle of the electrode	Achieves higher detection accuracy than pouch batteries after embedding	[68, 70, 99]
Three-electrode battery	Between electrode sheets, near the reference electrode	Cross-confirmation of optical and electrical signals; excellent binding performance	[71]
Pouch battery	Between electrode sheets	Can be embedded at any position, enabling measurement of battery non-uniformity; features a one-to-many characteristic with strong scalability	[35, 41]
Cylindrical battery	In the mandrel	Directly embedded in the battery core, avoids delayed judgment of internal temperature due to low radial thermal conductivity	[36, 39, 49]
Hard shell battery	Between electrode sheets		[140]
Solid state battery	Inside the active material	Able to detect the expansion issues of solid-state electrodes that conventional external sensors cannot detect	[99]
Wearable batter	Can be used as a battery matrix; can also be wound around the battery	Flexible mechanical properties and minimal radial size, can flex freely within flexible batteries, can be used as the base for supporting batteries	–