Table 3.
Summary of some microbial therapeutic proteins and their clinical uses
| Microbes | Examples | Therapeutic Protein | Clinical Use | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | E. coli | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | Auto-immunity disorder | Kamionka (2011), Adan Gökbulut and Arslanoğlu (2013), Ahmad et al. (2014a), Wang et al. (2014) |
| L-asparaginase | Lymphoma, mast cell tumor | |||
| Insulin | Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Streptokinase | Acute myocardial infarction | |||
| Human growth factor | Hypopituitary dwarfism | |||
| INF-α | Leukaemia, hepatitis-B, cancers | |||
| INF-β | Sclerosis | |||
| INF-γ | Chronic glaucomatous disease | |||
| IL-2 | Renal cell carcinoma | |||
| Erwinia sp., | L-asparaginase | Lymphoma, mast cell tumor | Pieters et al. (2011) | |
| Pseudomonas sp., P. putida | Methionine gamma- lyase, L-glutaminase | Infectious disease, cancer, Leukemia | Sato and Nozaki (2009) | |
| Bacillus sp., | L-glutaminase | Leukemia | Potla Durthi et al. (2019, Gomaa (2022) | |
| Aeromonas veronii | L-glutaminase | Lymphocytic leukemia | Jesuraj et al. (2017) | |
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | α-galactosidase | Immune response modification | Chaudet et al. (2012) | |
| Yeast | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Hepatitis B vaccines | H. influenzae type B and hepatitis B infection in infants | Martemyanov et al. (2001), Ahmed et al. (2013) |
| Lepirudin | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| Desirudin | Venous thrombosis | Eriksson et al. (1997) | ||
| Insulin | Diabetes mellitus | Adan Gökbulut and Arslanoğlu (2013) | ||
| HPV vaccine | Cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) | Wang et al. (2020) | ||
| Rasburicase | Hyperuricemia | Cammalleri and Malaguarnera (2007) | ||
| PDGF | Lower extremity diabetic neuropathic ulcer | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| HGH | Dwarfism, pituitary turner syndrome | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| GM-CSF | Cancer, bone marrow transplant | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| Glucagon | Hypoglycaemia | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| GLP-1 | Type-2 diabetes | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| Insulin aspart and Insulin detemir | Diabetes mellitus | Furman (2017) | ||
| Pichia pastoris | Ecallantide | Hereditary angioedema | Craig et al. (2015) | |
| Insulin | Type 2 diabetes | Polez et al. (2016) | ||
| Human serum albumin | Blood volume expansion | Zhu et al. (2021) | ||
| Hepatitis vaccine | Hepatitis B | Rahimi et al. (2019) | ||
| INF-α 2B | Hepatitis C and cancer | Katla et al. (2019) | ||
| Ocriplasmin | Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) | Baghban et al. (2020) | ||
| Anti-IL- 6R Ab | Rheumatoid arthritis | Van Roy et al. (2015) | ||
| Anti-RSV Ab | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| HB-EGF | Treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) | Kim et al. (2014) | ||
| Collagen | Medical research reagent/ dermal filler | Xiang et al. (2022) | ||
| Hansenula polymorpha | HBV vaccine | Hepatitis B | Caetano et al. (2017) | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica | Pancrelipase | Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | Turki et al. (2010) | |
| Fungi | Lentinula edodes | α-galactosidase | Treatment of fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α- type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation | Xu et al. (2019), Bhatia et al. (2020) |
| Schizophyllum commune | Hydrophobin, | Potential for modification of hydrophobic nanomaterials and solubilization of lipophilic drugs | Bayry et al. (2012) | |
| Trametes sp. | Laccase | Natamycin functionalization | Tong et al. (2007), Ji et al. (2022) | |
| Taxomyces andrenae, F. oxysporum and A. niger | Paclitaxel (Taxol) | Cancer | Jozala et al. (2016) | |
| A. foetidus | β- galactosidase | Lactose intolerance, GM1-gangliosidosis | Weesner et al. (2022) | |
| Monascus ruber, A.terreus | Lovastatin (statin) | High blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease | Aravindan et al. (2008) | |
| M. hiemalis, A. niger, A. flavus,A. nidulans, A. terreus | L-asparaginase | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma | El-Gendy et al. (2021) | |
| Claviceps purpurea | Ergot alkaloids | Parkinson’s disease, cluster headaches and migraine | Meade et al. (2022) | |
| Hericium erinaceus | Hericenones and erinacines (cyathane derivatives) | Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease | Meade et al. (2022) | |
| Aspergillus and Penicillium species | Proteases/proteinases/peptidases | Cardiovascular disease, emerging agents in the treatment of sepsis, digestive disorders, inflammation, cystic fibrosis, retinal disorders, psoriasis | Shankar et al. (2021) | |
| Penicillium nalgiovense | Amphotericin B (AMP B) | Antifungal, treatment of invasive fungal infections mucormycosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis | Svahn et al. (2015) | |
| P. griseofulvum | Griseofulvin | Antifungal, treatment of dermatophytoses | Aris et al. (2022) |