Table 2.
Demographic and clinical information, as well as app data between controls and MDD subjects.
| Controls (N = 47) | MDD (N = 61) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50.21 (11.88) | 50.15 (11.28) | 0.92 |
| Female, N (%) | 29 (61.7) | 42 (68.9) | 0.44 |
| 17-HDS score, mean (SD) | 1.66 (2.04) | 8.66 (6.12) | <0.001*** |
| Remission, % | / | 51.7 | / |
| Psychomotor retardation, N (%) | / | 3 (4.9) | / |
| Psychomotor agitation, N (%) | / | 2 (3.3) | / |
| HADS-D score, mean (SD) | 3.41 (2.97) | 8.24 (4.18) | <0.001*** |
| HADS-A score, mean (SD) | 4.23 (3.02) | 8.44 (4.34) | <0.001*** |
| Marital status, % | 0.62 | ||
| Married/Cohabitating | 64.4 | 59.6 | |
| Divorced/Never married/Widowed | 35.6 | 40.4 | |
| Employment status, yes, % | 60 | 53.6 | 0.52 |
| Secondary school or above, % | 91.1 | 94.7 | 0.75 |
| Family income monthly <15,000 HKD, % | 11.4 | 32.7 | 0.012* |
| Medication | / | ||
| Antidepressants, % | / | 72.1 | |
| Anxiolytics, % | / | 26.2 | |
| Antipsychotics, % | / | 18.0 | |
| Mood stabilizer, % | / | 3.3 | |
| Subjective happiness level | 6.63 (1.43) | 5.02 (1.70) | <0.001*** |
| Facial expression: AU, mean (SD), % | |||
| 1 (Inner brow raising) | 21.02 (5.30) | 23.02 (7.88) | 0.14 |
| 4 (Brow lowering) | 21.60 (20.59) | 29.70 (20.55) | 0.023* |
| 6 (Cheek raising) | 25.52 (26.43) | 15.51 (21.01) | 0.078 |
| 12 (Lip corner pulling) | 18.21 (17.41) | 10.41 (13.21) | 0.007** |
| 15 (Lip corner depressing) | 17.46 (8.01) | 19.45 (9.14) | 0.27 |
| Acoustic feature | |||
| F0 mean (Hz), mean (SD) | |||
| Female | 169.30 (22.29) | 164.12 (24.08) | 0.39 |
| Male | 110.33 (14.82) | 107.01 (13.63) | 0.51 |
| F0 variability (Hz), mean (SD) | |||
| Female | 51.26 (11.68) | 51.19 (10.39) | 0.98 |
| Male | 36.88 (13.63) | 38.77 (12.42) | 0.69 |
| Articulation rate, mean (SD) | 4.38 (0.51) | 3.97 (0.51) | <0.001*** |
| Pause duration mean, mean (SD) | 0.72 (0.21) | 0.82 (0.29) | 0.10 |
| Pause variability, mean (SD) | 0.31 (0.15) | 0.41 (0.27) | 0.046* |
| Pause rate, mean (SD) | 0.22 (0.085) | 0.25 (0.098) | 0.13 |
| NLP feature | |||
| Negative emotion, mean (SD), % | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.92 (1.10) | <0.001*** |
| Self-reference, mean (SD), % | 0.98 (1.11) | 1.81 (1.76) | 0.018* |
17-HDS 17-item Hamilton depression scale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Depression subscale, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety subscale, AU action unit, NLP natural language processing. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.