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. 2023 Dec 7;49(5):782–795. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01773-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a comparison of age and sex on venous nicotine plasma level. Adult females display greater nicotine levels compared to adult males or adolescent females. b comparison of age and sex on venous cotinine plasma level. Adult females display greater cotinine levels than all other groups. c Comparison of age and sex on venous nornicotine plasma level. d comparison of age and sex on venous nicotine-n’-oxide plasma level. *p < 0.05 adult versus adolescent or male versus female. N = 7 per group and timepoint. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.