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. 2023 Dec 7;49(5):782–795. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01773-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a–c Comparison of adult males to adolescent males. d–f Comparison of adult females to adolescent females. g–i Comparison of adult males to adult females. Adult females display greater nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine concentrations compared to adult males. j–l Comparison of adolescent males to adolescent females. Adolescent females display higher nicotine and cotinine concentrations compared to adolescent males. *p < 0.05 adult versus adolescent or male versus female. N = 7 per group and timepoint. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.