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. 2023 Dec 7;49(5):782–795. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01773-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Representative single subject T2 anatomical image (left), diffusion b = 0 image (middle), and the first volume of an fMRI dataset (right). b NBS statistics confirmed reduced functional connectivity in the Nicotine group (n = 34) compared to the Vehicle group (n = 36) when controlling for age and sex (p = 0.013, 12 edges, 13 nodes). Significant edges have anatomical regions labelled. All other regions are labelled with their numerical SIGMA atlas reference. c Average Pearson Correlation Coefficients in edges identified by NBS statistics to have reduced functional connectivity in the Nicotine group when controlling for age and sex (p = 0.013, 12 edges, 13 nodes). Post-hoc analysis confirmed a statistically significant group by sex interaction effect (p < 0.001, 5 edges, 6 nodes). No statistically significant group-by-age interaction effect was confirmed. Abbreviations: L Left, R Right, Hyp Hypothalamus, ParCx Parietal Cortex, PirCx Piriform Cortex, EnPir Endo/piriform Cortex, VisCx Primary and Secondary Visual Cortex, CA1 Cornu Ammonis 1, SomCx Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Ins Insular Cortex, Cing Cingulate Cortex, DDG Dorsal Dentate Gyrus, RetCx Retrosplenial Cortex, Col Colliculus.