Table 2.
Socioeconomic Distribution Across Countries
| SES measure | Australia | China | Indonesia | Japan | New Zealand | South Korea | Thailand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | |||||||
| No schooling | — | 9,949 (41.4%) | 6,002 (44.5%) | — | — | 1,843 (16.5%) | 130 (3.5%) |
| Primary (or less) | 3,393 (40.5%) | 6,345 (26.4%) | 3,463 (25.7%) | 1,798 26.4%) | 2,613 (40.9%) | 4,678 (41.9%) | 3,114 (38.3%) |
| Secondary | 3,267 (39.0%) | 7,137 (29.7%) | 3,042 (22.6%) | 3,928 (57.7%) | 3,180 (49.7%) | 3,416 (30.6%) | 494 (13.2%) |
| Tertiary | 1,717 (20.5%) | 601 (2.5%) | 974 (7.2%) | 1,089 (16.0%) | 601 (9.4%) | 1,234 (11.1%) | — |
| Education in years | |||||||
| Low | 2,793 (33.4%) | 9,949 (41.4%) | 6,002 (44.5%) | — | 2,132 (33.4%) | 4,696 (42.0%) | — |
| Middle | 2,792 (33.3%) | 6,345 (26.4%) | 3,463 (25.7%) | — | 2,131 (33.3%) | 5,025 (45.0%) | — |
| High | 2,792 (33.3%) | 7,738 (32.2%) | 4,016 (29.8%) | — | 2,131 (33.3%) | 1,450 (3.0%) | — |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Manual | — | — | 1,931 (15.3%) | — | — | 4,124 (36.9%) | — |
| Farmers | 2,437 (29.1%)a | 4,073 (32.3%) | 1,492 (13.4%) | ||||
| Lower nonmanual | 2,181 (26.0%)a | 5,538 (43.9%) | 4,257 (38.1%) | ||||
| Upper nonmanual | 3,759 (45.9%)a | 1,067 (8.5%) | 1,298 (11.6%) |
Notes: Occupation was not available in CHARLS (China), JSTAR (Japan), NZHWR (New Zealand), and HART (Thailand). CHARLS = China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; HART = Health, Aging and Retirement in Thailand; HILDA = Health, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia; JSTAR = Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement; NZHWR = New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement; SES = socioeconomic status.
aCategories for HILDA occupation are low, middle, high.