Table 2. Randomized controlled trials on focal therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Title	ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier	Country	Experimental comparator	Active comparator	Primary outcome
Comparative healthcare research outcomes of novel surgery in prostate cancer (IP4-CHRONOS): a prospective, multi-centre therapeutic phase II parallel randomised control trial [24]	NCT04049747	United Kingdom	HIFU or cryotherapy	Whole gland treatment	Progression-free survival
Evaluation of HIFU in treatment of localized prostate cancer and of recurrence after radiotherapy (HIFI) [46]	NCT04307056	France	HIFU	RP	Recurrence-free survival
Phase 3, multicenter, randomized study, evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of focused HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound) therapy compared to active surveillance in patients with significant low risk prostate cancer (HIFUSA) [47]	NCT03531099	France	HIFU	AS	Patient proportion who needed radical treatment
Focal prostate ablation versus radical prostatectomy (FARP) [48]	NCT03668652	Norway	HIFU	RP	Treatment failure
Partial prostate ablation versus radical prostatectomy [49]	ISRCTN99760303	United Kingdom	HIFU or IRE	RP	Treatment failure
Prostate cancer IRE study (PRIS): a randomized controlled trial comparing focal therapy to radical treatment in localized prostate cancer [25]	NCT05513443	Sweden	IRE	RP (PRIS1)	Urinary continence (PRIS1)
				RT (PRIS2)	Irritative urinary symptoms (PRIS2)

This table presents a compilation of ongoing RCTs comparing FT with radical treatments such as RP or RT, as well as AS. It is important to note that unlike in the past, the comparators for FT are now primarily whole-gland treatments instead of AS. HIFU followed by cryotherapy and IRE are the main energy modalities used in current RCTs.

RCT: randomized control trial, FT: focal therapy, RP: radical prostatectomy, RT: radiotherapy, AS: active surveillance, HIFU: high-intensity focused ultrasound, IRE: irreversible electroporation.