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. 2024 Mar 19;14(13):9137–9158. doi: 10.1039/d4ra00034j

A comparison of the electrochemical sensors for the detection of nitrate ions.

Sensing material Detection range Detection limit Method of detection Detection medium Types of sample Ref.
AuNPs/CS/MXene/GCE 0.5–3300 μM 0.069 μM Amperometry 0.1 M PBS (pH 7) Water 67
Cu@TiO2-Nf/PAR/GCE 5–7500 μM 2.1 μM DPV PBS (pH 1.7) Water 68
Cu/SPE (Ag) 0.05–5 mM 0.21 nM LSV 0.1 M KCl Water 69
Cu nanowire electrode 8–5860 μM 1.35 μM DPV 0.1 M Na2SO4 Tap water/river water 50
Cu/MWCNT/RGO/GCE 0.1–75 μM 20 nM/30 nM SWV Na2SO4/H2SO4 Mineral/tap water 51
Ppy-NW electrodes 10 μM to 1 mM 4.5 ± 1 μM Pulsed voltammograms N/A N/A 70
AgNS on carbon and Ag UMEs 4–1000 μM 3.2–5.1 μM Chronoamperometry 0.1 M Na2SO4 Synthetic aquifer 52
Ag-doped zeolite expanded graphite epoxy electrode 1–10 mM 0.08 mM/0.004 mM Multiple pulsed amperometry 0.1 M Na2SO4 N/A 71
Cu electrode 0.1–2.5 mM 4.2 μM Amperometry 0.1 M Na2SO4 Mineral water/soft drinks sample 72
Chitosan/bentonite nanocomposite-based ISE 20 mM to 0.8 M N/A Potentiometry N/A N/A 73
Self-assembly nanobeads-packed (nBP) hetero columns ion-selective microelectrode 0.1 μM to 0.1 M N/A Potentiometry N/A N/A 74
Ppy-NS ISE 0–200 mg L−1 N/A Potentiometry N/A N/A 75
NiR/PEDOT NWA/AuE 3.22–17.74 μM N/A Amperometry 0.1 M KCl Water 54
NiR/rGO/Ppy/GCE 5 × 103–104 μM 275 μM CV 0.1 M KCl Freshwater 56
NiR/CNTs/Ppy/GCE 440–1450 μM 170 μM Amperometry 0.1 M PBS Freshwater 55
NiR/Gr foam/Ti NF 0.16–7128 μM 0.16 μM Amperometry N/A Soil extract 76
NiR/ZnO NRs/AgE 1–3400 μM 1 μM Amperometry N/A Freshwater 77
NiR/GO/PEDOT NF/AuE 7.09–7128 μM 2.17 μM EIS N/A Soil extract 53
Gr/CuE 9–940 μM 10 μM Amperometry 0.1 M NaOH Freshwater 78
Gr/Cu NPs/AuE 10–90 μM 7.89 μM DPV 0.01 M HCl + 0.1 M Na2SO4 Freshwater 57
CuNPs/MWCNT-PEI/PPy-PSS/GCE 100–5000 μM 30 μM Amperometry 0.1 M PBS Freshwater 79
CuOx/CNTs/GCE 10–700 μM N/A DPV 0.1 M Na2SO4 Freshwater 80
Cu-modified CF MDE 3–2000 μM 1.1 μM SWV 0.1 M KCl PM2.5 particle extraction in water 59
Cu NCs/PtmE 6.25–300, 300–3500 μM 5 μM LSV N/A Freshwater 60
CuNCs/PGE 1–35 μM 0.59 μM Amperometry 0.01 M H2SO4+ 0.05 M K2SO4 Food extract/freshwater 81
Cu NWA/TEPM 10–400 μM 3.0 μM LSV 1 mM H2SO4 + 0.1 M K2SO4 Freshwater 61
Cu NW/CuE 8–5860 μM 1.35 μM DPV Acidic (pH 2) Freshwater 50
Cu NPs/PtE 6.25–1000 μM N/A LSV 0.1 M Na2SO4 Freshwater 82
Macroporous Ag film/ITO 20–5000 μM N/A SWV 1 M NaOH Freshwater 83
Ag networks like film/GCE 80–6520 μM 3.5 μM Amperometry 0. M PBS Freshwater 66
3D dendrite Ag NSt/Au mEA 2–1000 μM 2 μM SWV 0.5 M NaCl Freshwater 84
AgNPs/AuE 0.39–50 0.39 SWV NaCl (34.5 g L−1) Seawater 85
AgNPs/AuE 1 × 10−3 to 0.01 μM 9 × 10−4 CV NaCl (34.5 g L−1) Seawater 86
Oxide-deficient Cu–Pt 120–990 μM 0.159 μM DPV 0.1 M KCl Freshwater 87
Pd NPs/epoxy-Cu 32–560 μM N/A Amperometry 0.1 M PBS Freshwater 88
Pd–Sn composite/MEA 16–322.6 μM 3.06 μM LSV 0.01 M KClO4 Freshwater 63
Porous Cu–Ni alloy 20–1000 μM 2 μM Amperometry 0.5 M K2SO4 Freshwater 89
Pd–Au NPs composite 16–242 μM 1.19 μM LSV N/A Freshwater 90
PEG-SH/SePs/Au NPs 16–500 μM 8.6 μM DPV 0.1 M KCl Freshwater 65
PNA-SA-modified SiO2@Fe3O4/CPE 101–1453 μM 87 μM SWV BR-buffer Freshwater 91
CuxO-GCS/BPPGE 10–100 μM 1.032 μM CV 1 mM HClO4 + 1 M NaClO4 Soil extract/food extract 92
PPy/Ag NPs/GCE 1–104 μM 5 μM CV 0.1 M K2SO4 Freshwater 93
PPy/Pd NCs/GCE 1 × 10−4 to 8 × 10−4 0.74 DPV 0.1 M PBS Freshwater 94
PANI/WO3/Cu Nsh/GCE 40–246 μM 1.2 μM LSV 0.1 M H2SO4 Freshwater 95
PANI/Cu NPs/GCE 1–105 μM 5 μM LSV 0.1 M KCl Freshwater 62
PPy/GCE 0.001–0.006 mM N/A SWSV pH 9 Water 96
PANI/Cu/MWCNT/Au electrode 0.8–30 μM 0.09 μM DPV 0.1 M PBS (pH 5) Waste water 97
Chit/ZnO/Pt 0.1–2 μM 0.01 μM CV 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 5.5) Drinking water 98