Comparison of electrochemical sensors for the detection of phosphate ions^a.

Electrode material	Method	LOD	Range	Sample	Ref.
PyO/nano-CP/GCE	Amperometric	0.3 μM	1.0–100 μM	Human serum	184
GLA/PyO/CoPC-SPCE	Amperometric	2 μM	2.5–130 μM	Pond water	185
Rotating gold disk electrode	Amperometric	0.11 μM	0.59–3.49 μM	Seawater	186
CB-SPE	Amperometric	0.1 μM	0.5–100 μM	Water samples	178
Screen-printed graphite macroelectrodes	Cyclic voltammetry	0.3 μg L−1	0.5 to 20 μg L−1	Canal water	187
AMT/AgNWs/SPE	Cyclic voltammetry	3 μM	5 μM to 1 mM	Field soil	179
MoP/GCE	DPV	0.030 mmol L−1	0.10 to 20.0 mmol L−1	Human blood	181
Co3O4/CC	Amperometric	10.0 μM	0.1–30.0 mM	Human urine	182
Stainless steel	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy	—	7 to 50 ppm	Simulated agricultural run of water	183
CNT/CNC/Ag@ pANI@AMT microneedle	Voltammetry	0.007 mM	0–0.6 mM	Standard sample and coffee	188
GQDs-Ce4+ probe	Fluorescent probe	0.06 μM	0.1 to 20.0 μM	Sodium phosphate	176

^aPyruvate oxidase (PyO), poly-5,2′:5′,2′′-terthiophene-3′-carboxylic acid, glassy carbon electrode (GCE), poly-TTCA (nano-CP), carbon nanotube-CNT, cellulose nano crystal – CNC, polyaniline – pANI, ammonium molybdenum tetrahydrate – AMT, molybdenum phosphide (MoP).