Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample (N=70).
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Control group | Treatment group | Control vs treatment | |||||||||||
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t test (df) | Chi-square (df) | P value | |||||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD; range) | 67.91 (5.83; 60-85) | 69.80 (5.36; 61-86) | –1.41 (68) | N/Aa | .16 | |||||||||
| Gender, n (%) | N/A | 0.9 (1) | .36 | |||||||||||
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Female | 30 (85) | 27 (77) |
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Male | 5 (14) | 8 (22) |
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| Race or ethnicity, n (%) | N/A | 5.4 (4) | .25 | |||||||||||
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African American or Black | 4 (11) | 5 (14) |
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American Indian | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
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Asian or Pacific Islander | 0 (0) | 2 (6) |
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White, non-Hispanic | 30 (86) | 26 (74) |
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Mixed race or other | 0 (0) | 2 (5) |
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| Education, n (%) | N/A | 2.9 (3) | .41 | |||||||||||
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High school or GEDb | 4 (11) | 6 (17) |
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Associate’s or some college | 8 (23) | 12 (34) |
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4-year college degree | 13 (37) | 12 (34) |
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Master’s degree or above | 10 (29) | 5 (14) |
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| Household income (US $), n (%) | N/A | 2.5 (3) | .47 | |||||||||||
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<20,000 | 2 (6) | 5 (15) |
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20,000-49,999 | 17 (49) | 16 (47) |
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50,000-74,999 | 9 (26) | 5 (15) |
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≥75,000 | 7 (20) | 8 (23) |
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| Living status, n (%) | N/A | 0.1 (1) | .81 | |||||||||||
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Lives with others | 21 (60) | 20 (57) |
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Lives alone | 14 (40) | 15 (43) |
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| Marital status, n (%) | N/A | 4.7 (4) | .30 | |||||||||||
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Married | 18 (51) | 13 (37) |
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Living with a partner | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
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Divorced or separated | 6 (17) | 14 (40) |
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Widowed | 8 (23) | 5 (14) |
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Never married | 2 (6) | 2 (6) |
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| Count of chronic conditionsc, mean (SD; range) | 2.31 (0.99; 0-5) | 2.25 (1.27; 0-5) | 0.2 (68) | N/A | .83 | |||||||||
| Mobility limitation indexd, mean (SD; range) | 4.20 (2.29; 1-9) | 4.71 (2.76; 0-10) | –0.9 (68) | N/A | .40 | |||||||||
| Device ownership, n (%) | N/A | 0.7 (2) | .69 | |||||||||||
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No device ownership | 2 (6) | 2 (6) |
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Has tablet or iPad | 4 (11) | 2 (6) |
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Has laptop or PC | 29 (83) | 31 (89) |
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| Ever received a depression diagnosise, n (%) | N/A | 0 (1) | .99 | |||||||||||
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No | 13 (37) | 13 (37) |
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Yes | 22 (63) | 22 (63) |
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| Taking an antidepressant, n (%) | N/A | 0.6 (1) | .45 | |||||||||||
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No | 21 (60) | 24 (69) |
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Yes | 14 (40) | 11 (31) |
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| PHQ-9f score, mean (SD; range) | 11.29 (2.65; 8-18) | 11.49 (2.63; 8-19) | –0.3 (68) | N/A | .75 | |||||||||
aN/A: not applicable.
bGED: General Educational Development Test.
cThe chronic disease count was the sum of self-reported conditions including hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and cancer.
dThe mobility limitation index asks if a participant has difficulty with 11 tasks: running or jogging for a mile, walking several blocks, walking one block, sitting for 2 hours, standing for 30 minutes, getting up from a chair after sitting for a long period, climbing several flights of stairs, climbing 1 flight of stairs, walking across a room, using equipment or devices when crossing a room, and getting in or out of bed. “Yeses” were summed to create a total score, ranging from 0 to 11.
eParticipants were asked, “has a doctor, therapist, psychologist, or other health care provider ever told you that you have depression?”
fPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.