Table 3.
Within-group and between-group differences for secondary outcomes and mediatorsa.
| Measure and condition | Baseline, mean (SD) | Posttest assessment, mean (SD) | Within-group difference | Between-group difference at posttest assessmentb | ||||||
|
|
|
|
Cohen d | t test (df) | P value | Cohen d (95% CI) | t test (df) | P value | ||
| GAD-7c | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 7.85 (3.73) | 5.06 (4.71) | 0.60 | 3.48 (33) | .001 | 0.04 (–0.45 to 0.54) | 0.17 (62) | .87 | |
|
|
Control | 6.17 (5.25) | 5.23 (3.38) | 0.27 | 1.48 (29) | .15 | N/Ad | N/A | N/A | |
| PROMIS-angere | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 55.20 (6.52) | 50.06 (9.08) | 0.65 | 3.79 (33) | <.001 | 0.27 (–0.22 to 0.77) | 1.48 (62) | .16 | |
|
|
Control | 52.67 (7.06) | 52.32 (7.14) | 0.06 | 0.34 (29) | .74 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| PROMIS-social isolation | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 54.81 (8.62) | 52.33 (7.98) | 0.41 | 2.37 (33) | .02 | 0.31 (–0.18 to 0.80) | 1.24 (62) | .22 | |
|
|
Control | 53.75 (6.85) | 54.48 (5.52) | –0.14 | –0.75 (29) | .46 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Insomnia Severity Index | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 13.68 (5.95) | 10.74 (6.81) | –0.49 | 2.88 (33) | .007 | 0.21 (–0.28 to 0.70) | 0.83 (62) | .41 | |
|
|
Control | 12.33 (4.58) | 12.00 (4.68) | 0.09 | 0.50 (29) | .62 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| PEGf | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 4.44 (2.79) | 3.54 (2.50) | 0.39 | 2.30 (33) | .03 | 0.35 (–0.14 to 0.84) | 1.40 (62) | .17 | |
|
|
Control | 4.36 (2.37) | 4.38 (2.33) | –0.02 | –0.10 (29) | .92 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| EQ-5D-5L | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 0.72 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.20) | 0.12 | 0.68 (33) | .50 | 0.33 (–0.15 to 0.82) | 1.31 (62) | .20 | |
|
|
Control | 0.72 (0.25) | 0.66 (0.27) | –0.26 | –1.14 (29) | .17 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| CBTSQg | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 40.85 (8.73) | 50.26 (8.11) | 1.11 | 6.45 (33) | <.001 | 0.67 (0.17 to 1.17) | 2.69 (62) | .009 | |
|
|
Control | 44.97 (8.08) | 44.90 (7.81) | –0.01 | –0.05 (29) | .96 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| BADS-SFh | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 26.53 (12.22) | 34.21 (9.98) | 0.64 | 3.73 (33) | <.001 | 0.43 (–0.07 to 0.92) | 1.70 (62) | .09 | |
|
|
Control | 27.50 (10.31) | 29.77 (10.93) | 0.19 | 1.05 (29) | .30 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| BNSG-Si | ||||||||||
|
|
Treatment | 62.18 (9.44) | 66.91 (8.11) | 0.70 | 4.11 (33) | <.001 | 0.52 (0.02 to 1.02) | 2.08 (62) | .04 | |
|
|
Control | 61.0 (8.75) | 62.3 (9.64) | 0.22 | 1.23 (29) | .23 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
aThere were 34 participants in the treatment group and 30 in the control group. Within-group differences were evaluated using paired 2-tailed t tests for each measure or group separately. Between-group differences were evaluated using 2-sample 2-tailed t tests for each measure separately. Analyses were conducted using complete data without imputation. Effect sizes were calculated such that a positive effect size indicated changes in the desired direction (ie, increased quality of life, cognitive behavioral therapy skill acquisition, behavioral activation, and basic needs satisfaction and decreased anxiety, pain, insomnia severity, anger, and social isolation).
bBetween-group difference at posttest assessment is calculated by comparing the treatment and control condition, cells with a dash correspond with nonapplicable values.
cGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, 7-item.
dN/A: not applicable.
ePROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System.
fPEG: Pain, Enjoyment, General Activity.
gCBTSQ: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Skills Questionnaire.
hBADS-SF: Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form.
iBNSG-S: Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale.