Table 2.

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in the different stages of research as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Research [21] (n=31).

Stage of research	Studies with PPI at this stage, n (%)	Example
Design of the research and development of the grant application	7 (23)	PPI representatives (here a “Patient Advisory Board”) supported research planning and design, giving feedback on relevance and priorities [76].
Undertaking and management of the research	7 (23)	PPI representatives, here termed “peer researchers,” collected data for the study interviewing people with dementia [51].
Analysis of data	6 (19)	PPI representatives were part of interview data analysis and discussions of reflexivity [17].
Dissemination of research findings	4 (13)	PPI representatives coauthored the paper [49].
Did not fit model	21 (68)	PPI representatives were positioned both as co-designers along with the research team and as research participants testing the prototype [81].