Table 2.
Quantitative sensory testing results stratified by groups and test condition.
| With pain | Without pain | Interaction comparison | Condition comparison | Group comparison | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Imagery | View | VR | Baseline | Imagery | View | VR | DFn/DFd/F | P | DFn/DFd/F | P | DFn/DFd/F | P | |
| Pain sensitivity | ||||||||||||||
| PDT (kPa) m ± SD | 25.2 ± 12.6VR | 26.2 ± 16.2VR | 26.9 ± 16.9VR | 32.3 ± 18.1Ba, Im, Vi | 38.3 ± 14.3Im, Vi, VR | 49.5 ± 23.1Ba, VR | 52.8 ± 25.6Ba | 55.8 ± 20.8Im, Ba | 2.3/131.32/5.299 | 0.004 | 2.3/131.32/17.327 | <0.001 | 1/57/22.946 | <0.001 |
| PTT (kPa) m ± SD | 51.1 ± 23.2Vi, VR | 55.5 ± 24.2VR | 55.1 ± 23.5Ba | 60.7 ± 25.4Ba, Im | 73.1 ± 22.1Vi, VR | 74.9 ± 22.8VR | 79.4 ± 20.4Ba | 80.1 ± 20.9Ba, Im | 2.47/140.79/1.313 | 0.274 | 2.47/140.79/11.05 | <0.001 | 1/57/14.143 | <0.001 |
| Spatial summation of pain | ||||||||||||||
| SSPPDT (kPa) m ± SD | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2VR | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2Im | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2VR | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2Im | 3/171/0.227 | 0.877 | 3/171/3.366 | 0.020 | 1/57/0.238 | 0.628 |
| SSPPTT (kPa) m ± SD | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 2.49/142.17/1.350 | 0.262 | 2.49/142.17/0.808 | 0.472 | 1/57/0.027 | 0.871 |
| Temporal summation of pain | ||||||||||||||
| TSP m ± SD | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 1.5 ± 2.2 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 2.52/98.28/1.172 | 0.321 | 2.52/98.28/2.021 | 0.126 | 1/39/9.456 | 0.004 |
| Conditioned pain modulation | ||||||||||||||
| CPMPDT m ± SD | 1.7 ± 14.7 | 0.6 ± 7.2 | 0.8 ± 7.0 | 0.9 ± 8.7 | 6.4 ± 14.9Im, Vi, VR | −3.9 ± 14.5Ba | −5.7 ± 10.9Ba | −8.2 ± 13.8Ba | 2.21/117.29/4.138 | 0.015 | 2.21/117.29/5.409 | 0.004 | 1/53/3.921 | 0.053 |
| CPMPTT m ± SD | 3.7 ± 9.2Im, Vi, VR | −0.5 ± 4.9Ba | 2.0 ± 6.4Ba | −0.1 ± 5.0Ba | 1.8 ± 8.3Im, Vi, Vr | −3.5 ± 11.8Ba | −6.1 ± 9.7Ba | −5.0 ± 10.9Ba | 3/159/1.834 | 0.143 | 3/159/6.061 | <0.001 | 1/53/8.486 | 0.005 |
P, P value (calculated by independent t test for continuous variables); SD, standard deviation; m, mean; CPM, conditioned pain modulation; SSP, spatial summation of pain; TSP, temporal summation of pain; PDT, pain detection threshold; PTT, pain tolerance threshold; Ba, significant different from baseline; Vr, significant different from VR; Im, significant different from imagery; Vi, significant different from view.