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. 2024 Mar 13;17:59–76. doi: 10.2147/NSA.S445116

Table 2.

Potential Functional Groups Were Identified Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) in Bulbine Frutescens Extracts and Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Functional Group Bulbine frutescens Extract Transmittance of Extract Transmittance of AuNP Solutions
Alcohol and phenolic groups (O-H) BFE a 3289 3321
BFE+ b 3259
BFG c 3243
BFS d 3273 3274
Carboxylic acid BFE 1246 and 1257 -
Derivatives of carboxylic acid (C=O and O-C bonds) BFE - 1637
BFE+ 1620
BFG 1593
BFS 1643 1640
Phenolic groups (O-H with broad C-O bonds) BFE 1072 -
BFE+ 1022 -
BFG 1055 -
BFS 1041 -

Notes: a Bulbine frutescens freeze-dried leaf juice extract, b Bulbine frutescens ethanolic whole leaf extract, c Bulbine frutescens gel extract, d Bulbine frutescens preserved leaf juice solution.

Abbreviations: HaCaT, human keratinocytes; IC50, fifty percent inhibitory concentration; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media; RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 Medium; ACK, Ammonium Chloride Potassium lysis buffer; PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline; FBS, Fetal bovine serum; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; NaCl, sodium chloride; BSA, bovine serum albumin; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; UV-Vis, Ultraviolet visible spectrometry; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; HRTEM, High resolution transmission electron microscopy; DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry; SAED, Selected area electron diffraction; EDS, Energy disperser spectrometer.