Table 2.
Functional Group | Bulbine frutescens Extract | Transmittance of Extract | Transmittance of AuNP Solutions |
---|---|---|---|
Alcohol and phenolic groups (O-H) | BFE a | 3289 | 3321 |
BFE+ b | 3259 | ||
BFG c | 3243 | ||
BFS d | 3273 | 3274 | |
Carboxylic acid | BFE | 1246 and 1257 | - |
Derivatives of carboxylic acid (C=O and O-C bonds) | BFE | - | 1637 |
BFE+ | 1620 | ||
BFG | 1593 | ||
BFS | 1643 | 1640 | |
Phenolic groups (O-H with broad C-O bonds) | BFE | 1072 | - |
BFE+ | 1022 | - | |
BFG | 1055 | - | |
BFS | 1041 | - |
Notes: a Bulbine frutescens freeze-dried leaf juice extract, b Bulbine frutescens ethanolic whole leaf extract, c Bulbine frutescens gel extract, d Bulbine frutescens preserved leaf juice solution.
Abbreviations: HaCaT, human keratinocytes; IC50, fifty percent inhibitory concentration; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media; RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 Medium; ACK, Ammonium Chloride Potassium lysis buffer; PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline; FBS, Fetal bovine serum; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; NaCl, sodium chloride; BSA, bovine serum albumin; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; UV-Vis, Ultraviolet visible spectrometry; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; HRTEM, High resolution transmission electron microscopy; DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry; SAED, Selected area electron diffraction; EDS, Energy disperser spectrometer.