TABLE 2.
The active compound counteracts the effects of diabetic vascular damage by modulating autophagic flux.
| Herbal extracts | Categories | Autophagy-related targets | In vitro/In vivo | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salvianolic acid B | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge | Beclin-1, Parkin, Pink1 | In vitro and vivo | HG-induced HUVECs and db/db mice | Xiang et al. (2022) |
| Notoginsenoside R1 | Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow | LC3B, P62/SQTM1, Parkin, Pink1 | In vitro and vivo | HG-induced rMC-1 and db/db mice | Zhou et al. (2019) |
| Notoginsenoside Fc | Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow | LC3B, Beclin-1, P62/SQTM1 | In vitro and vivo | Sprague-Dawley rat model induced by STZ and RAOECs induced by HG | Liu et al. (2019a) |
| Glycyrrhizic acid | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | LC3B, Beclin-1, P62/SQTM1 | In vivo | Rat model of type I diabetes | Asseri et al. (2022) |
| Scutellarin | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | LC3B, Beclin-1, P62/SQTM1, ATG5, Parkin, Pink1 | In vitro | HG-induced HUVECs | Xi et al. (2021) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Green Tea | LC3B | In vitro | Palmitic acid-induced BAEC | Kim et al. (2013) |
| Homoplantaginin | Salvia japonica Thunb | LAMP1, Cathepsin B, AMPK, mTOR, TFEB | In vitro and vivo | HG-induced HUVECs and db/db mice | Fan et al. (2023) |
| Resveratrol | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f | LC3B, Beclin-1 | In vitro | Gly-LDL-induced HUVECs | Sha et al. (2021) |
| Artesunate | Artemisia caruifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb | LC3B, Beclin-1, P62/SQTM1, AMPK, SIRT1 | In vivo | DR rat model induced by STZ | Li et al. (2023b) |
| Naringin | Citrus reticulata Blanco | mTOR, LC3B, Beclin-1, P62/SQTM1 | In vitro | HG/HF-induced HUVECs | Wang et al. (2020a) |
| Geranylgeranylacetone | Bayberry | mTOR, LC3B | In vivo | Rat retinal I/R model | Zhang et al. (2023a) |
| Icariin | Epimedium brevicornu Maxim | mTOR, LC3B, P62/SQTM1 | In vitro | H2O2-induced BM-EPCs | Tang et al. (2015) |
| Gypenoside XVII | Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino | ATG5, Beclin-1, LC3B, P62/sqtm1 | In vivo | db/db mice | Luo et al. (2021) |
| Lentinan mushroom | Lentinus edodes | Beclin-1 | In vitro | HG-induced HUVECs | Yang et al. (2022) |