Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants categorised by CAN status
| No CAN | Possible CAN | Definite CAN | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 423 (51.0) | 280 (33.7) | 127 (15.3) | |
| Orthostatic hypotension (%) | 12.3 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 0.945 |
| Age (years) | 62.2 ± 10.5 | 62.1 ± 10.2 | 63.2 ± 11.4 | 0.555 |
| Male (%) | 57.9 | 54.6 | 52.8 | 0.497 |
| Education beyond primary level (%) | 92.3 | 94.2 | 90.3 | 0.366 |
| Not fluent in English (%) | 6.6 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 0.946 |
| Ethnic background (%) | 0.053 | |||
| Anglo-Celt | 55.1 | 51.4 | 48.8 | |
| Southern European | 10.6 | 11.1 | 10.2 | |
| Other European | 5.9 | 8.9 | 10.2 | |
| Asian | 4.0 | 5.7 | 3.1 | |
| Aboriginal | 5.2 | 10.0 | 11.8 | |
| Mixed/other | 19.1 | 12.9 | 15.7 | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.262 | |||
| Never | 53.5 | 50.9 | 50.4 | |
| Ex- | 37.7 | 36.5 | 34.1 | |
| Current | 8.8 | 12.6 | 15.4 | |
| Alcohol use (standard drinksa/day) | 0.3 [0–1.5] | 0.3 [0–1.5] | 0.1 [0–1.0] | 0.455 |
| Antidepressant use (%) | 10.6 | 16.4 | 24.4*** | < 0.001 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 2.6 | 1.8 | 8.7*,† | 0.003 |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 6.1 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 0.061 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 53.8 ± 11.0 | 53.1 ± 10.7 | 49.4 ± 13.9***,†† | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 [2.6–11.9] | 8.0 [3.0–15.1] | 10.0 [4.0–17.2]***,††† | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | ***,††† | < 0.001 | ||
| Diet/exercise alone | 26.5 | 22.7 | 12.7 | |
| Oral glucose lowering agents | 55.7 | 55.6 | 46.0 | |
| Insulin alone | 3.3 | 2.5 | 8.7 | |
| Insulin + oral agents | 14.5 | 19.1 | 32.5 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 [6.2–7.8] | 6.9 [6.2–7.8] | 7.3 [6.6–8.4]***,†† | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 50 [44–58] | 51 [44–61] | 57 [49–74] | < 0.001 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 7.2 [6.3–8.6] | 7.4 [6.4–9.3] | 8.2 [6.7–10.3]***,† | < 0.001 |
| ABSI (m11/6 kg−2/3) | 0.081 ± 0.005 | 0.081 ± 0.005 | 0.082 ± 0.005 | 0.051 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 5.9 | 32.4 ± 6.2* | 33.5 ± 7.1** | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 69 ± 11 | 70 ± 11 | 74 ± 13***,†† | < 0.001 |
| Supine systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 19 | 143 ± 21 | 143 ± 22 | 0.478 |
| Supine diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | 78 ± 14 | 0.071 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 66.0 | 72.1 | 78.7* | 0.013 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 32.9 | 33.6 | 38.6 | 0.479 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 30.5 | 36.4 | 38.6 | 0.119 |
| Beta-blockers | 10.9 | 21.4*** | 29.9*** | < 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 16.8 | 26.1** | 36.2*** | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 20.1 | 29.3* | 37.8*** | < 0.001 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 0.215 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.16 ± 0.28 | 1.17 ± 0.32 | 0.064 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 1.7 (1.1–2.8)** | 0.004 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 67.8 | 67.5 | 69.3 | 0.947 |
| uACR (mg/mmol) | 2.2 (0.7–6.7) | 2.9 (0.8–10.4)* | 5.2 (0.9–30.5)***,††† | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 85 ± 17 | 84 ± 20 | 77 ± 23***,†† | < 0.001 |
| eGFR categories (%) | * | ***,† | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2 | 43.0 | 47.9 | 30.7 | |
| 60–89 mL/min/1.73m2 | 49.9 | 39.6 | 44.9 | |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73m2 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 13.4 | |
| 30–44 mL/min/1.73m2 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 6.3 | |
| < 30 mL/min/1.73m2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 4.7 | |
| Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%) | 29.4 | 32.1 | 44.4** | 0.007 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 18.2 | 20.1 | 27.6 | 0.076 |
| Prior IHD hospitalisation (%) | 15.1 | 23.2* | 32.3*** | < 0.001 |
| Prior cerebrovascular disease hospitalisation (%) | 4.5 | 4.6 | 7.9 | 0.309 |
| Prior HF hospitalisation (%) | 1.7 | 5.7* | 8.7** | < 0.001 |
a1 standard drink = 10 U ethanol; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs no CAN, †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01, †††P < 0.001 vs possible CAN in Bonferroni-corrected multiple comparisons